Question

Difficulty: Very hardOpening and Concluding Sentences

The following sentences are from a paragraph about the history of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Arrange these sentences in the most logical sequence to form a cohesive, unified paragraph, ensuring that the introduction and conclusion are placed effectively.

  1. 1In 1962, the Japanese organic chemist Osamu Shimomura isolated a curious, glowing protein from the outer canopy of the jellyfish *Aequorea victoria*, though the revolutionary biochemical potential of this luminescent molecule remained entirely unrecognized by the wider scientific community during these early stages of bioluminescence research.
  2. 2Decades later, pioneering geneticists and molecular biologists realized that this unique substance, which they formally named green fluorescent protein (GFP), could be genetically fused to other target proteins, acting as a microscopic lantern to track complex intracellular movements and macromolecular interactions in real time.
  3. 3By successfully expressing this glowing tag within living host organisms, researchers were finally able to bypass traditional, destructive chemical staining techniques, allowing them to visualize previously invisible microscopic structures and live cellular activities without disrupting or killing the cells under observation.
  4. 4This non-invasive imaging breakthrough immediately revolutionized dynamic scientific fields such as developmental neurobiology and oncology, enabling the detailed mapping of complex neural pathways in developing embryos and the step-by-step monitoring of malignant tumor metastasis.
  5. 5Ultimately, GFP transitioned from an obscure marine curiosity to an indispensable diagnostic and research powerhouse, cementing its enduring legacy as one of the most significant, Nobel Prize-winning developments in the history of modern biotechnology.

Answer

The correct chronological and logical order of the paragraph is: the discovery of the protein in the jellyfish, the realization decades later of its fusion capabilities and naming it GFP, the description of how expressing this tag allowed live cell visualization, the subsequent revolution of specific scientific fields, and the concluding summary of its global biotechnology legacy.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. It begins by introducing the discovery of the bioluminescent protein in 1962. It then transitions decades later to the formal naming of GFP and the discovery of its genetic fusion. Next, it explains the mechanism of expressing this tag to visualize cells. After that, it details the specific scientific fields revolutionized by this imaging breakthrough. Finally, it concludes with a summary of GFP's global legacy as a biotechnology powerhouse.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing the initial 1962 isolation of the protein from the jellyfish is the only option that does not rely on prior context, establishing the subject of the paragraph.
An effective introduction must establish the topic and set the baseline context for subsequent sentences.
2
Establish the next chronological step using transitions.
The sentence starting with 'Decades later' transitions from the 1962 discovery to the formal naming of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the realization of its genetic fusion potential.
Logical flow relies on transitions that link ideas chronologically and introduce terms before they are referenced.
3
Find the sentence that elaborates on the mechanism of fusion.
The sentence starting with 'By successfully expressing this glowing tag' directly expands on the genetic fusion technique, explaining how it enables live visualization.
Paragraph unity requires details about a mechanism to immediately follow the introduction of that mechanism.
4
Identify the impact of the visualization technique.
The sentence starting with 'This non-invasive imaging breakthrough' names the specific fields (neurobiology and oncology) that were revolutionized by the live visualization technique.
Information should flow from general capability to specific real-world applications.
5
Determine the concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Ultimately' provides a high-level summary of the entire transition from jellyfish discovery to biotechnological powerhouse.
A strong conclusion synthesizes the paragraph's details and emphasizes the overall significance of the subject.

Key Concept

Opening and Concluding Sentences
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