Question

Difficulty: MediumEvaluating Inter-Passage Relationships and Function

Passage A
Recent excavations at the site of a 14th-century merchant vessel have revealed preserved casks of resinous pitch. Historical documents from the period suggest pitch was used primarily as a sealant for hull planking to prevent leakage during ocean voyages. Chemical analysis of the hull timber seams confirms that the pitch applied matched the composition of the recovered casks, demonstrating its role as a practical waterproofing agent in medieval shipbuilding.

Passage B
While early maritime studies treated preserved pitch on medieval ships solely as a waterproofing compound, recent residue analysis points to a complementary function. Spectral scans of the pitch from 14th-century wrecks reveal high concentrations of embedded pine resins rich in antimicrobial terpene compounds. This suggests shipbuilders intentionally selected specific pitch formulations to slow fungal decay in timber framing, extending the structural lifespan of vessels in humid marine microclimates.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the primary functions attributed to pitch in Passage A and Passage B?

  1. Passage B expands upon the functional scope of pitch presented in Passage A by identifying a biological preservative role alongside its physical waterproofing purpose.Answer
  2. B
    Passage B refutes the empirical evidence in Passage A by proving pitch was ineffective as a waterproofing sealant.
  3. C
    Passage B provides historical documentation that contradicts the modern chemical analysis outlined in Passage A.
  4. D
    Passage B shifts the primary focus of 14th-century maritime studies from ship construction techniques to commercial trade routes.

Answer

Passage B expands upon the functional scope of pitch presented in Passage A by identifying a biological preservative role alongside its physical waterproofing purpose.
The correct answer accurately characterizes the inter-passage dynamic. Passage A emphasizes pitch's physical role in sealing hulls against water leaks, whereas Passage B introduces scientific evidence demonstrating that pitch also served a biological function by inhibiting fungal rot.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the main function of pitch as described in Passage A.
Passage A attributes a physical waterproofing function to pitch, citing historical records and timber seam analysis.
Establishing Passage A's core claim provides the baseline for inter-passage comparison.
2
Analyze how Passage B addresses the function of pitch relative to Passage A.
Passage B notes that pitch was not solely a waterproofing compound and presents chemical evidence of antimicrobial properties that prevented timber decay.
Determining Passage B's perspective reveals whether it contradicts, corroborates, or expands upon Passage A.
3
Synthesize the functional relationship between both passages.
Passage B complements and broadens the understanding from Passage A by introducing a biological defense mechanism in addition to the physical barrier function.
Connecting both claims answers the question regarding the structural and functional relationship between the texts.

Key Concept

Evaluating Inter-Passage Relationships and Function
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