Question

Difficulty: HardRhetorical Function of Specific Word Choices

Read the following passage adapted from an essay on the history of molecular biology:

"For decades, the central dogma of molecular biology reigned as an unassailable autocracy, decreeing that genetic information flowed strictly from DNA to RNA to protein, with the latter executing all catalytic duties. RNA was relegated to the humble role of messenger, a transient courier carrying instructions from the genomic vault to the cellular machinery. When researchers in the early 1980s observed RNA molecules splicing themselves in the complete absence of protein helpers, they did not immediately celebrate a breakthrough. Instead, they suspected contamination, assuming their assays were flawed. The dogma was so deeply entrenched that the concept of a catalytic RNA—a 'ribozyme'—was treated as a chemical heresy. The initial resistance to this discovery illustrates not just scientific skepticism, but the profound grip of established paradigms on the scientific imagination."

In the context of the first sentence, the author's use of the phrase "unassailable autocracy" functions rhetorically to achieve which of the following effects?

  1. A
    Suggest that mid-twentieth-century molecular biologists worked under politically oppressive government systems.
  2. B
    Detail the specific biochemical steps RNA uses to carry messages from the genomic vault.
  3. Emphasize the rigid, unquestioned authority that the central dogma held over molecular biology.Answer
  4. D
    Argue that the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA is completely chaotic and unpredictable.

Answer

Emphasize the rigid, unquestioned authority that the central dogma held over molecular biology.
The phrase 'unassailable autocracy' is a political metaphor used to emphasize how dominant, rigid, and resistant to challenge the central dogma of biology was during the mid-twentieth century. By comparing a scientific belief to an absolute ruler that cannot be questioned or overthrown, the author sets up the theme of the scientific community's reluctance to accept the paradigm-shifting discovery of ribozymes.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the context of the targeted phrase 'unassailable autocracy' in the first sentence.
The sentence states that the central dogma 'reigned' as an 'unassailable autocracy, decreeing...' which introduces a political metaphor of absolute, unchallenged power.
Understanding the immediate contextual clues helps identify that the author is comparing a scientific paradigm to an absolute ruler.
2
Examine the rest of the passage to understand how this metaphor functions in the larger argument.
The passage describes how scientists resisted the discovery of catalytic RNA because the dogma was 'deeply entrenched' and alternative ideas were treated as 'heresy.'
The rhetorical choice emphasizes that the scientific community treated the dogma as absolute law that could not be challenged.
3
Evaluate the choices to find the one that accurately describes this rhetorical function while avoiding literal misinterpretations or detail distortions.
The option emphasizing the rigid, unquestioned authority directly captures the idea of an unchallenged, absolute rule (autocracy) that cannot be defeated (unassailable).
This matches the rhetorical goal of highlighting the difficulty scientists had in accepting new paradigms due to the absolute authority of the old one.

Key Concept

Analyzing the rhetorical function of figurative language within a scientific narrative passage
Estimated Time:2m 0s
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