Conventions of Usage

416 questions

Question 101Question

To prepare for the upcoming debate, the team captain assigned my partner and I the task of researching renewable energy policies.

Which of the following choices is the correct replacement for the underlined portion?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: partner and me

Answer

partner and me
The pronoun is part of the compound direct object of the verb 'assigned.' Removing the compound element ('my partner and') leaves 'assigned me,' which demonstrates that the objective case pronoun 'me' is required. The option containing 'partner and me' is correct.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the grammatical role of the underlined pronoun in the sentence.
The pronoun is part of a compound element ('my partner and I') that receives the action of the verb 'assigned' (assigned whom?). This means it functions as an object.
Determining whether the pronoun is a subject or an object dictates whether subjective or objective case is needed.
2
Test the pronoun case by simplifying the compound construction to just the pronoun.
The sentence becomes 'assigned me the task...' rather than 'assigned I the task...'.
Removing the other part of the compound construction makes it easier to hear which pronoun case is correct.
3
Select the option that uses the objective case pronoun 'me'.
The correct option is the one stating 'partner and me'.
'Me' is the correct objective case pronoun to serve as the object of the verb.

Key Concept

Pronoun case in compound objects
Question 102Question

The passage below contains a blank where a verb should be. Read the passage and write the correct present-tense form of the verb 'to lie' that completes the sentence with proper subject-verb agreement.

Fill in the blanks below

In the heart of the ancient ruins, hidden beneath layers of volcanic ash and dense foliage, a collection of ceramic jars containing ancient scrolls.
Show answer & explanation

Answer

lies
The correct answer is 'lies'. The sentence is written in an inverted structure where the subject follows the verb. The grammatical subject is the singular noun 'collection'. Thus, the singular present-tense verb 'lies' is required to ensure correct subject-verb agreement.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the grammatical subject of the sentence.
The subject is the noun phrase 'a collection of ceramic jars containing ancient scrolls'.
This sentence uses an inverted structure where the verb precedes the subject. The introductory prepositional and participle phrases modify the setting, but the noun performing the action of 'lying' is 'collection'.
2
Determine the number of the subject's head noun.
The head noun 'collection' is singular.
Although the subject contains plural prepositional objects like 'jars' and 'scrolls', the head noun of the subject phrase is 'collection', which is singular.
3
Match the verb to the singular subject in the present tense.
The correct singular present-tense form of the verb 'to lie' is 'lies'.
A singular subject requires a singular verb to maintain proper subject-verb agreement.

Key Concept

Subject-Verb Agreement in Inverted Sentences
Question 103Question

Neither the chief executive officer nor the board members would discuss its views on the upcoming merger during the press conference.

Which choice best replaces the underlined portion to ensure correct pronoun-antecedent agreement?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: their

Answer

their
The correct pronoun is 'their' because it is plural and possessive, which properly agrees with the plural antecedent 'board members'—the noun closer to the pronoun in the compound subject joined by 'nor'.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the antecedent of the underlined pronoun.
The pronoun refers to the compound subject joined by 'nor': 'Neither the chief executive officer nor the board members'.
Determining the noun or nouns being replaced is the first step in establishing agreement.
2
Apply the proximity rule for compound subjects joined by 'or' or 'nor'.
The pronoun must agree in number with the closer antecedent, which is 'board members' (plural).
Standard grammar rules dictate that when parts of a compound subject are joined by 'or' or 'nor', the pronoun agrees with the nearest noun.
3
Select the possessive pronoun that matches the required number.
The plural possessive pronoun is 'their'.
A plural possessive pronoun is required to show possession for the plural noun 'board members'.

Key Concept

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement with Compound Subjects
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 104Question

During the late nineteenth century, botanist George Washington Carver worked closely with local farmers to implement new crop rotation methods. He explained the benefits of sweet potatoes to the farmers, noting that they could revitalize nitrogen-depleted soil.

Which choice best resolves the pronoun ambiguity and ensures the sentence is grammatically correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: these crops

Answer

these crops
The correct option replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the specific noun phrase 'these crops'. In the original sentence, the pronoun 'they' is ambiguous because it has two potential plural antecedents: 'sweet potatoes' and 'farmers'. Specifying 'these crops' removes all ambiguity and maintains a clear, concise, and grammatically correct sentence structure.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the underlined pronoun and its potential antecedents in the sentence.
The pronoun is 'they', and the preceding plural nouns are 'sweet potatoes' and 'farmers'.
To determine if the pronoun has a clear and unambiguous referent.
2
Evaluate the clarity of the pronoun reference in the context of the sentence.
The pronoun 'they' is ambiguous because it could grammatically refer to either the sweet potatoes or the farmers, even though the context implies sweet potatoes.
ACT conventions require pronouns to have a single, clear, and unambiguous antecedent.
3
Compare the options to find the one that removes the ambiguity while remaining concise and grammatically correct.
Replacing 'they' with 'these crops' provides a specific noun phrase that clearly identifies the sweet potatoes as the subject performing the action.
Using a specific noun phrase resolves the pronoun reference issue without introducing wordiness or grammatical errors.

Key Concept

Pronoun Clarity and Reference
Question 105Question

When working in the rare books archive, the head archivist reminded the head translator and I that if one wishes to handle the parchment safely, you must wear cotton gloves.

Which choice completes the sentence with the most appropriate pronoun case and person?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: me that if one wishes to handle the parchment safely, one must

Answer

me that if one wishes to handle the parchment safely, one must
The correct option correctly uses the objective case pronoun 'me' as the direct object of the verb 'reminded'. It also maintains grammatical agreement by keeping the pronoun person consistent in the third person throughout the clause, using 'one' to match 'one wishes'.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the correct case for the pronoun in the compound object.
The pronoun follows the transitive verb 'reminded' and functions as a direct object, meaning the objective case 'me' is required instead of the subjective case 'I'.
Pronouns in a compound object must use the objective case.
2
Check for pronoun person consistency in the conditional clause.
The clause begins with the third-person singular pronoun 'one' ('if one wishes...'), so shifting to the second-person pronoun 'you' ('you must') creates an inconsistent perspective. The third-person 'one must' should be used to maintain consistency.
Pronoun person must remain consistent within a sentence.

Key Concept

Pronoun Case and Person Consistency
Estimated Time:1m 15s
Question 106Question

In the early 1950s, physical oceanographer Marie Tharp compiled bathymetric profiles collected by her colleague Bruce Heezen. While Heezen gathered sonar data aboard research vessels, Tharp painstakingly plotted these depths by hand to map the ocean floor. <u>He</u> initially dismissed her discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley as 'girl talk,' attributing the feature to a temporary measurement error.

Which choice best resolves the pronoun ambiguity and ensures the sentence is grammatically correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Heezen

Answer

The option that replaces the underlined pronoun with the specific noun 'Heezen' is correct because it resolves the ambiguous pronoun reference by explicitly naming the individual who dismissed the discovery, while maintaining conciseness.
The correct option replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the proper noun 'Heezen.' This resolves the ambiguity of 'He' by explicitly identifying who dismissed the discovery, maintaining a clear and direct style.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the antecedent of the underlined pronoun 'He'.
The pronoun 'He' could refer to Bruce Heezen, but because of the intervening descriptions of Tharp's work and the lack of immediate proximity, the pronoun's reference is ambiguous.
Pronouns must refer clearly and directly to a single, unambiguous antecedent.
2
Evaluate the choices to find the one that clarifies the subject without violating other grammatical rules.
Replacing 'He' with the specific proper noun 'Heezen' removes all ambiguity. Using 'They' creates a pronoun-antecedent agreement error. Using 'It was Heezen who' is grammatically correct but overly wordy.
The correct choice must be grammatically correct, precise, and as concise as possible.

Key Concept

Pronoun Clarity and Reference
Question 107Question

During the afternoon excursion, the tour guide led the group of visitors through the ancient temple ruins. He pointed to the stone statues positioned near the towering columns. They had been carved from imported marble centuries ago.

Which choice best maintains clarity and grammatical correctness in the underlined portion of the passage?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: the statues

Answer

Replacing the underlined pronoun with the specific noun phrase 'the statues' clarifies the sentence by identifying exactly what was carved from marble.
The correct answer replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the explicit noun phrase 'the statues'. This makes it clear that the statues—and not the columns—were carved from imported marble, resolving any potential confusion.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the underlined pronoun and locate its potential antecedents in the preceding context.
The underlined pronoun is 'They', and the preceding sentence contains two plural nouns: 'stone statues' and 'towering columns'.
To evaluate pronoun clarity, you must check if the pronoun has a single, clear, and grammatically matching noun antecedent.
2
Evaluate the answer choices to see which option replaces the ambiguous pronoun with a clear and precise term.
Replacing 'They' with the specific noun phrase 'the statues' resolves the ambiguity. The options 'NO CHANGE', 'it', and 'this' either preserve the ambiguity or introduce a new reference error.
If a pronoun can refer to more than one noun, it must be replaced by the specific noun it represents to maintain sentence clarity.

Key Concept

Pronoun Clarity and Reference
Question 108Question

Read the following sentence from a passage about mountaineering and answer the question:

'The mountaineering team completed its unusual rapid descent before the blizzard struck, securing their safety at the base camp.'

Which choice best corrects the underlined portion of the sentence?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: its unusually rapid

Answer

its unusually rapid
The correct option correctly uses the possessive pronoun 'its' to refer to the team, and the adverb 'unusually' to modify the adjective 'rapid' which describes the noun 'descent'.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the grammatical roles of the words in the underlined phrase.
In the phrase, 'descent' is a noun, 'rapid' is an adjective modifying 'descent', and the first modifier describes the degree of rapidity.
Understanding the parts of speech helps determine whether an adjective or adverb form is required.
2
Determine the correct form of the modifier modifying 'rapid'.
Since 'rapid' is an adjective, it must be modified by the adverb 'unusually' rather than the adjective 'unusual'.
Adverbs, not adjectives, are used to modify adjectives.
3
Evaluate the choices for pronoun correctness and conciseness.
The possessive pronoun 'its' is required to show possession of the descent by the team, and adding 'and quick' creates redundant phrasing.
Using 'it's' introduces a contraction error, and adding synonym modifiers violates the rule of conciseness.

Key Concept

Adjective and Adverb Usage
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 109Question

Read the passage below and select the best answer for the underlined portion.

Although the runner started the race strong, she finished more slower than her training partner.

Which choice is the correct form of the underlined phrase in the sentence above?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: more slowly

Answer

more slowly
The correct answer is 'more slowly' because the action verb 'finished' requires an adverb modifier, and comparing two runners requires a comparative form.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the part of speech required to modify the action verb 'finished'. Since it is an action verb, it must be modified by an adverb rather than an adjective.
An adverb form is required.
Adverbs modify verbs, whereas adjectives modify nouns.
2
Determine the comparative context. The sentence compares two entities (the runner and her training partner) using 'than', which requires a comparative form.
A comparative adverb is required.
Comparative forms are used to compare two things, while superlative forms are used for three or more.
3
Select the correct comparative adverb form. The adverb 'slowly' forms its comparative using 'more' ('more slowly').
The correct form is 'more slowly'.
Combining 'more' and '-er' creates an ungrammatical double comparative.

Key Concept

Selecting between adjective and adverb forms and using correct comparative modifiers to construct logical comparisons.
Question 110Question

Which pronoun correctly completes the sentence below to ensure proper pronoun-antecedent agreement?

Fill in the blanks below

The council of neighborhood representatives voiced unanimous opposition to the proposed zoning changes during the municipal hearing.
Show answer & explanation

Answer

its
The pronoun refers to the collective noun 'council.' Because the members of the council are acting together as a single unit to voice a unanimous decision, the noun is singular and requires the singular possessive pronoun 'its' for correct agreement.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the antecedent of the pronoun.
The antecedent is the noun phrase 'The council of neighborhood representatives.'
To ensure correct agreement, the pronoun must match the noun phrase it replaces or refers back to.
2
Determine if the collective noun 'council' is singular or plural in this context.
The council is acting as a single, unified group (indicated by the word 'unanimous'). Therefore, it functions as a singular noun.
Collective nouns take singular pronouns when the group acts as a single unit.
3
Select the correct possessive pronoun that matches the singular antecedent.
The singular possessive pronoun 'its' is selected.
Using 'its' ensures proper pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Key Concept

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement with Collective Nouns
Question 111Question

Read the passage below about ancient Roman engineering:

In the heart of Rome, the structural integrity of ancient domes continues to fascinate modern engineers. While many of these concrete structures have weathered centuries of environmental stress, a network of underground chambers are still being excavated by archaeologists. This ongoing project reveals the sophisticated construction techniques used by Roman builders.

Which of the following choices represents the correct form of the underlined verb?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: is

Answer

is
The correct answer is the singular verb 'is' because the subject of the clause is 'a network', which is singular. The prepositional phrase 'of underground chambers' separates the subject from the verb but does not change the subject's singular number. Additionally, 'is' maintains the present tense established by 'continues' and 'reveals' in the surrounding sentences.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the subject of the clause containing the underlined verb.
The subject of the clause is 'a network', which is a singular collective noun. The phrase 'of underground chambers' is a prepositional phrase modifying 'network' and does not affect the number of the verb.
Finding the true subject is the first step in resolving subject-verb agreement errors.
2
Select the verb form that agrees with the singular subject and matches the tense of the surrounding context.
The singular present-tense verb 'is' agrees with the singular subject 'network' and maintains the present tense used throughout the passage ('continues', 'have weathered', 'reveals').
The verb must match the subject in number (singular) and fit the passage's established tense (present).

Key Concept

Subject-Verb Agreement
Estimated Time:45s
Question 112Question

The passage below contains two blanks where verbs are missing. Write the correct present-tense form of the verb 'to reflect' for the first blank, and the correct present-tense form of the verb 'to be' for the second blank, ensuring proper subject-verb agreement throughout.

Fill in the blanks below

Acoustic archaeology, a field that combines physics and history, explores how ancient structures were built to manipulate sound. At the archaeological site of El Castillo, a pyramid in Mexico, the chirping echo of the quetzal bird, which is triggered by the handclaps of visitors standing at the base, the complex engineering of Mayan builders. Neither the height of the steps nor the orientation of the walls accidental; rather, each of these structural features was designed to achieve a specific acoustic effect.
Show answer & explanation

Answer

The first blank should be filled with 'reflects' and the second blank should be filled with 'is'.
The correct verb form for the first blank is 'reflects' because the head noun of the subject, 'echo', is singular. The long intervening phrase describing the visitors and handclaps does not affect the subject's grammatical number. The correct verb form for the second blank is 'is' because the correlative conjunction 'neither... nor' links two singular subjects ('height' and 'orientation'). In this structure, the verb agrees with the closer subject, which is the singular noun 'orientation'. The plural noun 'walls' is object of the preposition 'of' and does not influence the verb form.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the subject for the first blank.
The subject is 'the chirping echo', which is singular.
The long relative clause 'which is triggered by the handclaps of visitors standing at the base' contains plural nouns but is non-essential information separating the subject from the verb. The singular subject 'echo' requires the singular verb 'reflects'.
2
Identify the subject for the second blank.
The subject is joined by 'neither... nor', where both parts ('height' and 'orientation') are singular.
When subjects are joined by 'neither... nor', the verb must agree with the subject closest to it. Here, the closest subject is the singular noun 'orientation'. The plural noun 'walls' within the prepositional phrase 'of the walls' does not affect the verb, so the singular verb 'is' is required.

Key Concept

Subject-Verb Agreement with Intervening Clauses and Correlative Conjunctions
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 113Question

In the excerpt below, a grammatical correction is needed to ensure proper sentence structure and agreement:

The revitalization of urban green spaces in the metropolitan area has shown clear benefits for local ecosystems. Every one of the community parks, which incorporate native wildflowers and nesting boxes for songbirds, help to sustain local pollinator populations during the dry summer months. Consequently, urban planners are seeking additional funding to expand the initiative.

Which option is the correct replacement for the underlined verb help?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: helps

Answer

helps
The correct option is 'helps' because it is a singular, present-tense verb that agrees with the singular subject 'Every one'. The intervening prepositional phrase and relative clause contain plural nouns, but they do not change the grammatical number of the subject.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Locate the subject of the sentence containing the underlined verb.
The subject is the singular pronoun phrase 'Every one'.
The prepositional phrase 'of the community parks' contains a plural noun, but it acts as a modifier and does not determine the number of the verb.
2
Identify any intervening clauses that separate the subject and verb.
The relative clause ', which incorporate native wildflowers and nesting boxes for songbirds,' contains multiple plural nouns.
Recognizing that these plural nouns are part of a non-essential clause prevents the mistake of aligning the verb with them instead of the subject.
3
Select the verb form that matches the subject in number and fits the tense of the passage.
The singular present-tense verb 'helps' matches the singular subject 'Every one' and maintains tense consistency with 'has shown' and 'are seeking'.
Subject-verb agreement requires a singular subject to take a singular verb, and the context requires keeping the present-tense timeline.

Key Concept

Subject-Verb Agreement
Question 114Question

The following passage contains an underlined portion.

During the late nineteenth century, anthropologist Alice Fletcher worked closely with Omaha ethnologist Francis La Flesche to document the tribe's complex ceremonies. Fletcher focused on transcribing the ritual melodies, while La Flesche translated the accompanying sacred chants. Because they were so intricate, the recording process required hours of focused cooperation.

Which of the following choices best replaces the underlined word to ensure the sentence is clear and grammatically correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: the melodies and chants

Answer

the melodies and chants
Replacing the pronoun with the specific noun phrase 'the melodies and chants' eliminates the ambiguity of the pronoun 'they,' which has multiple potential plural antecedents in the preceding sentence.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the underlined pronoun and its potential antecedents in the preceding context.
The pronoun is the plural 'they,' and the preceding sentence contains multiple plural nouns: 'ceremonies,' 'melodies,' and 'chants.'
To evaluate pronoun clarity, we must ensure the pronoun has a single, unambiguous noun to which it refers.
2
Analyze the clarity and grammatical correctness of the pronoun in context.
The pronoun 'they' could refer to any of the plural nouns, making the reference ambiguous and grammatically incorrect under formal writing standards.
Standard written English requires that every pronoun has a clear, specific, and unambiguous antecedent.
3
Evaluate the alternative options to find the one that resolves the ambiguity without introducing new grammatical errors.
Replacing 'they' with 'the melodies and chants' provides specific nouns that clarify the sentence, while the options 'this' and 'it' are singular pronouns that lack matching singular antecedents and create agreement errors.
Using specific nouns is the most effective way to eliminate pronoun ambiguity, and the chosen option must agree grammatically with the rest of the sentence.

Key Concept

Pronoun clarity and reference issues, specifically resolving ambiguous and vague antecedents by replacing pronouns with specific nouns.
Question 115Question

In the sentence 'Although the newly tuned organ sounded strangely in the cavernous cathedral, the music director refused to halt the recital,' the underlined modifier is used correctly.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

The statement is false because 'sounded' is a linking verb and requires the predicate adjective 'strange' instead of the adverb 'strangely'.
The statement is false because the verb 'sounded' functions as a linking verb in this sentence, describing a quality of the subject 'organ'. Linking verbs must be followed by predicate adjectives (such as 'strange') rather than adverbs (such as 'strangely').

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the underlined modifier and the word it modifies.
The underlined adverb 'strangely' modifies the verb 'sounded'.
To determine if a modifier is used correctly, we must identify its part of speech and what it is modifying.
2
Analyze the function of the verb 'sounded' in this context.
The verb 'sounded' functions as a linking verb connecting the subject 'organ' to a descriptive quality.
Linking verbs (like seem, look, smell, sound) connect the subject to a subject complement that describes it, rather than representing an action.
3
Determine the correct grammatical form for a subject complement following a linking verb.
A subject complement following a linking verb must be an adjective ('strange') rather than an adverb ('strangely').
Adverbs modify actions, whereas adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. Since 'sounded' links the description to the noun 'organ', the adjective 'strange' is required.

Key Concept

Adjective vs. Adverb Usage with Linking Verbs
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 116Question

In the sentence 'The young musician played the piano beautiful during the recital,' the underlined modifier is used correctly.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

The statement is false because the adjective 'beautiful' incorrectly modifies the verb 'played'.
The statement is false because the adjective 'beautiful' is incorrectly modifying the verb 'played'. To correct the sentence, the adverb 'beautifully' must be used.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the word being modified by the underlined term 'beautiful'.
The word 'beautiful' describes how the musician 'played' (a verb).
Determining what word is being modified helps identify whether an adjective or an adverb is needed.
2
Apply the rule for adjectives and adverbs.
Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Since 'played' is a verb, the modifier must be an adverb.
3
Determine the correct form of the modifier.
The adverb form of 'beautiful' is 'beautifully'. Therefore, 'beautiful' is incorrect.
This confirms that the statement claiming the modifier is used correctly is false.

Key Concept

Adjective and Adverb Usage
Question 117Question

During the astronomical observations, the lead researcher told the assistant and I that if one wants to protect your eyes, you should look only through the filtered lens.

Which choice most effectively maintains correct pronoun case and person consistency in the sentence?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: me that if one wants to protect one's eyes, one

Answer

The correct choice is the option that replaces the underlined text with 'me that if one wants to protect one's eyes, one'.
The correct option correctly uses the objective pronoun 'me' because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'told' within the compound object 'the assistant and me'. It also maintains consistent third-person perspective by using 'one's' and 'one' to refer back to the indefinite pronoun 'one', preventing an incorrect shift in person.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the correct case for the pronoun in the compound object.
The compound phrase 'the assistant and [pronoun]' serves as the direct object of the action verb 'told'. Therefore, the pronoun must be in the objective case ('me') rather than the subjective case ('I').
Direct objects receive the action of the verb and require objective case pronouns.
2
Identify and correct any pronoun person shifts.
The dependent clause begins with the third-person indefinite pronoun 'one'. The subsequent pronouns in the clause must remain in the third person ('one's' and 'one') to maintain consistency, avoiding a shift to the second-person 'your' or 'you'.
Pronoun person must remain consistent within a sentence to avoid confusing shifts in perspective.
3
Check the remaining options for spelling and homophone errors.
The option containing 'it's' uses a contraction ('it is') instead of the possessive pronoun 'its', which makes it grammatically incorrect.
Possessive pronouns do not use apostrophes, whereas contractions do.

Key Concept

Pronoun Case and Person
Question 118Question

The following sentence contains a blank. Which present-tense form of the verb 'to be' correctly completes the sentence to maintain proper subject-verb agreement?

Fill in the blanks below

The instructions on the box clear and easy to follow.
Show answer & explanation

Answer

are
The plural subject 'instructions' requires the plural verb 'are'. The singular noun 'box' is part of a prepositional phrase ('on the box') and does not affect the verb agreement.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the subject of the sentence.
The subject is the plural noun 'instructions'.
The noun 'box' is part of the prepositional phrase 'on the box' and does not act as the subject of the sentence.
2
Determine the correct present-tense form of the verb 'to be' that agrees with the plural subject.
The correct form is 'are'.
A plural subject requires a plural verb ('are'), whereas a singular subject would require 'is'.

Key Concept

Subject-verb agreement requires a verb to agree in number (singular or plural) with its subject. Prepositional phrases placed between the subject and the verb do not change the number of the subject.
Estimated Time:45s
Question 119Question

The following passage contains an underlined portion in brackets. Which option best replaces the underlined portion to ensure the sentence is grammatically correct and clear?

During the late nineteenth century, paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh engaged in a fierce rivalry with Edward Drinker Cope to discover dinosaur fossils in the American West. Marsh frequently sent his field assistants to search the badlands of Wyoming, while Cope hired local guides to scout the same territory. When [he] discovered a nearly complete Triceratops skeleton, the press published a sensationalized account of the breakthrough, fueling the public's fascination with the "Bone Wars."

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Marsh

Answer

Marsh
The correct option replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the specific noun 'Marsh'. Since the passage mentions two singular male figures performing similar actions, the pronoun 'he' is ambiguous. Replacing it with a specific name clarifies who discovered the skeleton.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the underlined pronoun and its potential antecedents in the passage.
The pronoun is 'he', which is singular and masculine. The preceding sentences introduce two singular masculine proper nouns: 'Othniel Charles Marsh' and 'Edward Drinker Cope'.
Establishing the pool of potential antecedents is necessary to check if the pronoun refers to a single, clear entity.
2
Evaluate the clarity of the pronoun 'he' in context.
Because both Marsh and Cope are active singular male subjects described as searching the same area, using 'he' leaves it unclear which scientist discovered the skeleton.
Recognizing the ambiguity helps identify the grammatical and rhetorical weakness that needs correction.
3
Evaluate the options to find the one that resolves the ambiguity grammatically.
Replacing 'he' with the specific name 'Marsh' resolves all ambiguity. The option 'him and his team' introduces a pronoun case error, and 'this' is a vague reference.
This step ensures the selected option is both clear and grammatically correct.

Key Concept

Pronoun Clarity and Reference
Question 120Question

The software developer tested the new application thorough before submitting it to the quality assurance team.

Which of the following options is the best correction for the underlined portion of the sentence?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: thoroughly

Answer

The correct option is 'thoroughly' because it is the adverbial form needed to modify the verb 'tested'.
The correct option is 'thoroughly' because it is an adverb, which is required to modify the verb 'tested'. Adverbs answer the question of how an action was performed, so 'tested thoroughly' is the grammatically correct phrasing.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the word being modified in the sentence.
The underlined word 'thorough' is positioned to modify the verb 'tested'.
Understanding what word is being modified determines whether an adjective or an adverb is required.
2
Determine the correct part of speech needed.
Since verbs must be modified by adverbs rather than adjectives, the adjective 'thorough' must be changed to its adverb form.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, while adjectives modify nouns.
3
Select the option that provides the correct adverbial form.
The adverb form of 'thorough' is 'thoroughly'.
Choosing 'thoroughly' correctly completes the sentence with proper grammatical usage.

Key Concept

Adjective and Adverb Usage
Estimated Time:45s
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