Read the following excerpt from an editorial published in a Black weekly newspaper in the 1920s:
'The advocates of the Congresses believe that by petitioning European capitals and holding polite assemblies in Paris or London, they can coax the colonizers into granting us our rights. They seek reform within the colonial structure. We, however, believe in absolute self-determination. We do not petition European powers; we seek to build our own commercial enterprises, our own shipping lines, and ultimately, our own sovereign nation in Africa. True freedom cannot be begged from empires; it must be built by our own hands.'
Based on the excerpt, which of the following best describes the primary ideological disagreement between the organizers of the Pan-African Congresses and the followers of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?
- ABoth movements were unified under the leadership of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), but they split over whether to pursue political integration in the United States or petition the League of Nations.
- BMainstream Pan-Africanists and Garveyites both advocated for the immediate resettlement of all African Americans to West Africa, but they disagreed on whether the migration should be funded by European colonial powers or private Black-owned corporations.
- Mainstream Pan-Africanists favored international diplomacy and reform within existing colonial frameworks to secure civil rights, whereas Garveyites prioritized economic self-reliance, Black nationalism, and repatriation to Africa.Answer
- DPan-Africanists argued that African societies lacked distinct cultures and needed to import European systems, while Garveyites believed that a singular, uniform African culture existed across the entire continent and should be restored without modification.