Read the following excerpt from W.E.B. Du Bois's editorial "Marcus Garvey," published in *The Crisis* in December 1920:
'It is a monument to the work of a man who has a great, sweet, and simple idea. [...] He wants to enter into a commercial enterprise, which will build up a great merchant marine owned by Negroes and manned by Negroes [...] and he wants to coordinate this commercial enterprise with a political program which will result in the building up of a Black nation in Africa. [...] But is this program practical? [...] It is not practical because it is based on a series of colossal financial errors, and because it is based on a misunderstanding of the attitude of the white world toward the yellow and brown and black worlds.'
Based on the excerpt and your knowledge of early twentieth-century movements, which of the following statements best describes the core ideological or strategic difference between W.E.B. Du Bois's approach to Pan-Africanism and Marcus Garvey's Garveyism?
- ADu Bois focused on establishing global commercial shipping routes like the Black Star Line to foster economic independence, while Garvey organized diplomatic congresses to petition European nations for civil rights.
- BDu Bois argued that all African societies possessed identical, monolithic cultures that should be ruled by a single centralized government, while Garvey believed that Africa was too culturally diverse to support any political organization.
- Du Bois favored international diplomacy, intellectual collaboration, and lobbying colonial powers for reform, while Garvey advocated for working-class populist mobilization, economic self-reliance, and the establishment of a separate, sovereign Black nation.Answer
- DBoth Du Bois and Garvey rejected the concept of racial solidarity, arguing instead that people of African descent should prioritize assimilation into their respective European and American cultures.