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Difficulty: MediumPan-Africanism and Garveyism

Read the following excerpt from the resolutions of the First Pan-African Congress, held in Paris in 1919:

"The Allied and Associated Powers shall establish a code of law for the international protection of the natives of Africa... The League of Nations shall establish a permanent bureau charged with the supervision of the application of these laws to the political, social, and economic welfare of the natives."

Based on the excerpt, which of the following best describes how the political strategy of the Pan-African Congress differed from that of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?

  1. A
    The Pan-African Congress prioritized mass mobilization and the creation of Black-owned commercial enterprises, while the UNIA relied primarily on diplomatic petitions sent by intellectual elites to the League of Nations.
  2. The Pan-African Congress worked through existing colonial powers and international organizations to secure civil rights and reform, while the UNIA championed independent Black nationhood and economic self-reliance free from European oversight.Answer
  3. C
    The Pan-African Congress demanded the immediate, complete repatriation of all members of the African diaspora to West Africa, while the UNIA focused on achieving domestic integration and civil rights within the United States.
  4. D
    The Pan-African Congress operated under the assumption that African colonies had a single, homogenized culture ready for unified self-rule, while the UNIA focused on the distinct linguistic and cultural traditions of individual African kingdoms.

Answer

The Pan-African Congress worked through existing colonial powers and international organizations to secure civil rights and reform, while the UNIA championed independent Black nationhood and economic self-reliance free from European oversight.
The correct answer is correct because the First Pan-African Congress, organized by W.E.B. Du Bois, sought to reform the colonial system by lobbying international organizations like the League of Nations to establish laws protecting African peoples. In contrast, Marcus Garvey and the UNIA rejected reliance on white colonial powers, advocating instead for global Black self-reliance, economic independence, and the establishment of a sovereign empire in Africa.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the stimulus excerpt from the 1919 Pan-African Congress.
The excerpt shows a focus on seeking protection for African peoples by appealing to international bodies like the League of Nations and Allied powers.
Understanding the core methodology of the Pan-African Congress is necessary to compare it to other contemporary movements.
2
Contrast this approach with the goals and tactics of Marcus Garvey and the UNIA.
Garvey and the UNIA rejected cooperation with or reliance on European colonial powers, advocating instead for complete economic independence (e.g., the Black Star Line) and sovereign Black nationhood.
This establishes the key difference in political and economic strategy between the two movements.
3
Evaluate the options to find the statement that accurately reflects this distinction.
The correct option correctly states that the Pan-African Congress relied on lobbying existing international systems, while the UNIA focused on independent nationhood and self-reliance.
This confirms the correct option based on historical evidence.

Key Concept

The ideological and tactical differences between the diplomatic Pan-African Congresses and the populist, nationalist Garveyism movement.
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Topics

Pan-Africanism and Garveyism

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