Question

Difficulty: MediumImperialism and the Spanish-American War

“We have fought for our liberty, we have helped to defeat the Spanish forces, and we believed that the United States, a nation founded on the consent of the governed, would respect our right to self-determination. Instead, we are met with a war of conquest, as the United States seeks to substitute its own authority for that of Spain.”
— Adapted from a statement by Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Philippine revolutionary forces, 1899

The perspective expressed in the excerpt was most directly a reaction to which of the following?

  1. The United States' decision to annex the Philippine Islands following the Treaty of Paris.Answer
  2. B
    The mobilization of United States troops following the sinking of the USS Maine.
  3. C
    The application of the Monroe Doctrine to justify unilateral intervention in European colonies.
  4. D
    The creation of a network of permanent military alliances to contain foreign influence in Asia.

Answer

The United States' decision to annex the Philippine Islands following the Treaty of Paris.
The correct option is correct because the quote from Emilio Aguinaldo directly criticizes the United States for establishing sovereign control over the Philippines instead of respecting the self-determination of the Filipino people who had assisted the U.S. in defeating Spanish forces. The annexation of the Philippines under the 1898 Treaty of Paris triggered the Philippine-American War, which is the 'war of conquest' referenced in the excerpt.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the source attribution and date.
The author is Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Philippine revolutionary forces, writing in 1899, which is immediately after the Spanish-American War.
Establishing the historical context of the document helps identify the specific events being referenced.
2
Identify the author's argument and grievances in the text.
The author is complaining that the United States is substituting its own authority for Spain's and conducting a 'war of conquest' instead of recognizing Philippine self-determination.
Understanding the central conflict helps match it to the correct historical policy that triggered this reaction.
3
Evaluate the options against the historical context.
The Treaty of Paris (1898) ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million, leading to the annexation of the islands and the outbreak of the Philippine-American War in 1899.
This links the text directly to the annexation decision, confirming it as the primary catalyst for the statement.

Key Concept

Imperialism and the Spanish-American War
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