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Difficulty: MediumEuropean and American Indian Relations

“He [Pedro Naranjo] said that the said rebel [Popé] . . . ordered that they immediately break the association which they had with holy images, crosses, and other things . . . and that they should not pray . . . and that they should wash in the rivers to cleanse themselves of the water of baptism . . . and that they should return to their ancient customs.”
— Declaration of Pedro Naranjo, Pueblo Indian, 1680

Which of the following was the most direct cause of the actions described in the excerpt?

  1. A
    The transition of Spanish colonizers to a voluntary land-sharing system that replaced the encomienda.
  2. B
    The rapid growth of English family-based agricultural settlements encroaching on Pueblo territory.
  3. Spanish efforts to suppress Native American religious ceremonies and enforce Catholic conversion.Answer
  4. D
    The creation of a unified political alliance among all North American tribes to expel European traders.

Answer

Spanish efforts to suppress Native American religious ceremonies and enforce Catholic conversion.
The correct answer is correct because the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was directly caused by Spanish colonizers' intensive efforts to suppress traditional Pueblo religious ceremonies and enforce conversion to Catholicism, leading Popé and other Pueblo leaders to advocate for a total rejection of Spanish culture and religion.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical context of the stimulus, which describes Popé's rebellion (the Pueblo Revolt of 1680) against Spanish authority.
The stimulus describes Pueblo Indians breaking association with holy images and cleansing themselves of baptism.
To locate the event in the correct geographic and chronological frame (Spanish colonial Southwest, late 17th century).
2
Analyze the core motivations behind Popé's orders to reject Christian symbols and return to ancient customs.
The orders were a direct reaction to Spanish suppression of native religious practices and forced Catholic conversion.
To determine what drove the indigenous peoples to organize the revolt.
3
Evaluate the options to find the one that accurately describes this cause, while identifying the errors in the distractors.
The option detailing Spanish suppression of Native ceremonies is correct; others conflate English and Spanish colonial styles, misunderstand the encomienda system, or falsely assume a unified continent-wide Native alliance.
To select the correct response based on historical evidence.

Key Concept

Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and Spanish-Native American relations
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Topics

European and American Indian Relations

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