Question

Difficulty: HardPolitical Realignment and the Election of 1860

"I am not a Know-Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read 'all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics.' When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance..."
— Abraham Lincoln, letter to Joshua Speed, 1855

The political tensions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following developments by the election of 1860?

  1. The collapse of the Whig Party and the subsequent consolidation of the Republican Party as a sectional, Northern coalitionAnswer
  2. B
    The widespread acceptance of popular sovereignty as a stable federal policy to resolve the extension of slavery in the territories
  3. C
    A political realignment centered on resolving tariff disputes between Southern plantation owners and Northern nativist groups
  4. D
    The formation of a military alliance with European nations under the Monroe Doctrine to restrict further immigration

Answer

The collapse of the Whig Party and the subsequent consolidation of the Republican Party as a sectional, Northern coalition
The collapse of the Whig Party and the rising sectional tension over slavery created a political vacuum. Northern Whigs, Free-Soilers, and anti-slavery Democrats consolidated into the Republican Party, which became a purely sectional Northern party. This realignment was demonstrated in the election of 1860 when Abraham Lincoln won the presidency without winning a single Southern electoral vote.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the stimulus to identify the key political factions and historical context.
The excerpt shows Lincoln in 1855 rejecting the nativist Know-Nothing Party and highlighting the instability of the current party system.
This places the source within the mid-1850s realignment of the Second Party System.
2
Connect the disintegration of the Whigs and the rise of nativism/anti-slavery groups to the political landscape of 1860.
The Whigs collapsed due to internal divisions over the Kansas-Nebraska Act and slavery. Anti-slavery Whigs, Free-Soilers, and some former nativists merged into the Republican Party.
This explains the genesis of the Republican Party as a sectional coalition.
3
Evaluate the options to determine which development was a direct consequence of these realignment dynamics by 1860.
The consolidation of the Republican Party as a sectional coalition directly reflects the realignment that occurred leading up to the election of 1860.
Lincoln won the presidency in 1860 as the Republican candidate without any Southern electoral support, demonstrating the complete sectionalization of the party system.

Key Concept

Political Realignment and the Election of 1860
Estimated Time:2m 0s
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