Question

Difficulty: EasyConstitutional Foundations of the Judiciary and Judicial Review

In Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton describes the federal judiciary as the 'least dangerous' branch of government. Which of the following best summarizes the argument Hamilton uses to support this description?

  1. A
    Its decisions can be directly vetoed by the president if they conflict with executive policies or actions.
  2. It possesses neither the power of the sword to enforce its decisions nor the power of the purse to control funds, relying instead on the other branches to implement its rulings.Answer
  3. C
    It lacks the authority of judicial review, which the Constitution explicitly reserves for Congress.
  4. D
    Federal judges are subject to regular public elections and term limits, preventing them from acting independently of the popular will.

Answer

The federal judiciary possesses neither the power of the sword to enforce its decisions nor the power of the purse to control funds, relying instead on the other branches to implement its rulings.
The correct option is correct because Hamilton argued in Federalist No. 78 that the judiciary is the weakest of the three branches because it has no control over the wealth or the strength of the society. It has no power to enforce its own decisions (lacking the 'sword') and cannot raise or allocate revenue (lacking the 'purse'), meaning it must rely on the executive and legislative branches to give effect to its judgments.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify Hamilton's key argument in Federalist No. 78 regarding the power of the judiciary.
Hamilton asserts that the judicial branch has 'neither force nor will, but merely judgment.'
To understand why Hamilton labeled it the 'least dangerous' branch.
2
Connect the phrase 'neither force nor will' to the practical powers of the other branches.
The judicial branch cannot command the military (force/sword) or control the budget (will/purse), meaning it relies on the other branches to enforce its rulings.
To identify the correct option that accurately describes this lack of enforcement and funding power.

Key Concept

Federalist No. 78 arguments on judicial independence and weakness
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