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Question

Difficulty: MediumCalls for Reform and Responses after 1900

Read the passage below and answer the following question.

"We, the Ogoni People, note:
That over thirty billion dollars’ worth of oil and gas has been extracted from our land by multinational corporations since 1958;
That in return, the Ogoni people have received virtually nothing in terms of development, infrastructure, or employment;
That the search for oil has caused severe environmental degradation, destroying our agricultural lands and fishing waters, which are our traditional livelihood;
That we have been politically marginalized and denied the right to self-determination.
We hereby demand political autonomy for the Ogoni people within the Nigerian federation, and the right to control and use a fair proportion of our economic resources for our own development."
—Adapted from the *Ogoni Bill of Rights*, 1990

Based on the passage, the demands of the Ogoni people most directly reflect which of the following global developments in the late twentieth century?

  1. A
    A nationalist struggle to end direct European territorial colonization and governance.
  2. The growth of movements challenging the ecological and social consequences of global economic integration.Answer
  3. C
    Resistance to the adoption of high-yield crops and agricultural technologies associated with the Green Revolution.
  4. D
    The complete homogenization of global culture driven by Western consumerism.

Answer

The growth of movements challenging the ecological and social consequences of global economic integration.
The correct answer is the option stating that the demands reflect the growth of movements challenging the ecological and social consequences of global economic integration. The Ogoni Bill of Rights highlights how multinational oil companies extracted wealth while leaving the local population with environmental ruin (ecological consequences) and poverty (social/economic consequences). This aligns with late-twentieth-century activist movements that challenged the unregulated power of multinational corporations and the negative side effects of global capitalism.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the stimulus document (Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990) for key themes.
The document highlights oil extraction by multinational corporations, severe environmental degradation of local agricultural and fishing lands, lack of development benefits, and political marginalization.
Understanding the core complaints of the source is essential for identifying its historical context.
2
Identify the historical period and geopolitical context of the document.
The document is from 1990 (late twentieth century) and comes from the Ogoni people of Nigeria, a post-colonial nation where oil extraction became a major economic driver.
Locating the source in time and space helps eliminate options related to other eras, such as direct decolonization.
3
Connect the specific complaints of the Ogoni to broader global trends of the late twentieth century.
The complaints address the negative environmental and economic side effects of multinational corporations and global trade, which aligns with late-20th-century reform movements challenging globalization.
This links the specific primary source directly to the AP World History learning objective regarding calls for reform and responses to globalization.

Key Concept

Late twentieth-century calls for reform in response to the economic and environmental impacts of globalization.
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Topics

Calls for Reform and Responses after 1900

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