Question

Difficulty: MediumRouter Forwarding Decision Logic

A Cisco router receives an IPv4 unicast packet and must select the best path from its routing table to forward the traffic. Arrange the steps in the correct sequential order that the router follows to evaluate candidate routes and make a forwarding decision.

  1. 1Identify candidate routes in the routing table that encompass the destination IPv4 address.
  2. 2Select the route(s) with the longest prefix match (most specific subnet mask).
  3. 3Compare Administrative Distance (AD) if multiple candidate routes have identical longest prefix lengths from different routing sources.
  4. 4Compare route metrics if multiple candidate routes have identical longest prefix lengths from the same routing protocol.

Answer

The correct order of steps in router forwarding decision logic is: 1) Identify candidate routes that match the destination IP, 2) Select the route with the longest prefix match, 3) Compare Administrative Distance if equal-length prefix ties exist between different routing sources, and 4) Compare route metrics if equal-length prefix ties exist within the same routing protocol.
The forwarding engine follows a strict evaluation hierarchy: first, matching candidate routes are identified; second, Longest Prefix Match (LPM) filters for the most specific subnet mask; third, Administrative Distance breaks ties between routes of equal prefix length from different protocols; fourth, metric breaks ties between routes of equal prefix length from the same protocol.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify matching candidate routes
A set of candidate routing table entries whose subnet masks encompass the packet's destination IPv4 address is compiled.
The router must locate all possible valid routes for the target destination before applying selection logic.
2
Apply Longest Prefix Match (LPM)
The candidate route with the longest prefix length (most specific mask) is selected.
LPM is the fundamental decision rule in IPv4/IPv6 packet forwarding. Prefix specificity overrides Administrative Distance and metric entirely.
3
Evaluate Administrative Distance (AD)
If multiple routes have identical prefix lengths from different sources, the route with the lower AD value (e.g., static AD 1 vs OSPF AD 110) is chosen.
AD acts as a tie-breaker between different route origins when prefix lengths are equal.
4
Evaluate Route Metric
If multiple routes have identical prefix lengths from the same protocol, the path with the lowest metric is selected (or load-balanced if equal).
Metrics are protocol-specific cost values used to determine the best path among routes learned via the same routing protocol.

Key Concept

Router Forwarding Decision Hierarchy (LPM > AD > Metric)
Estimated Time:1m 30s
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