IP Services

198 questions

Question 181Question

Match each Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism or Per-Hop Behavior (PHB) on the left to its corresponding operational characteristic or header specification on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Expedited Forwarding (EF)
Assured Forwarding 41 (AF41)
Traffic Policing
Traffic Shaping

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Expedited Forwarding matches DSCP decimal 46 / Strict Priority Queue service; Assured Forwarding 41 matches DSCP decimal 34 / Class 4 low drop probability; Traffic Policing matches immediately dropping or remarking excess traffic without queuing; Traffic Shaping matches buffering excess traffic to smooth bursty egress rates.
Expedited Forwarding (EF) is standard DSCP 46 (010110) intended for real-time traffic requiring low latency/jitter via priority queuing. Assured Forwarding 41 (AF41) corresponds to DSCP 34 (100010) offering Class 4 high-priority bandwidth with a low drop probability. Traffic Policing measures rate limits and drops or remarks exceeding traffic immediately. Traffic Shaping regulates egress rate spikes by holding overflow packets in memory buffers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) values and binary encodings for Per-Hop Behaviors (PHBs).
EF uses DSCP 46 (010110). AF41 uses class 4 (001) with low drop (01) plus trailing zero (100010 = 34).
DiffServ DSCP uses 6 bits in the IPv4 ToS field. EF guarantees strict priority service while AFxy defines class x (1-4) and drop preference y (1-3).
2
Differentiate traffic enforcement mechanisms based on memory buffer utilization.
Policing discards/remarks non-conforming packets without delay; Shaping delays non-conforming packets in egress buffers.
Policers do not support queuing/buffering and operate inbound or outbound, whereas shapers require queue buffers and operate outbound only.

Key Concept

QoS Per-Hop Behaviors (EF/AF) and Rate Enforcement (Policing vs Shaping)
Question 182Question

A network administrator is documenting Syslog severity level definitions for an enterprise Cisco IOS router deployment. Place the following Syslog severity level names in sequence from the lowest numerical severity code (most critical) to the highest numerical severity code (least critical).

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct order from lowest numerical code to highest numerical code is Alert (Level 1), Error (Level 3), Notice (Level 5), and Informational (Level 6).
Cisco IOS Syslog severity levels range numerically from 0 to 7, where lower numbers indicate higher severity. The correct sequence from lowest numerical code (most severe) to highest numerical code (least severe) is Alert (level 1), Error (level 3), Notice (level 5), and Informational (level 6).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the numerical severity code associated with each Syslog severity level name.
Alert is level 1, Error is level 3, Notice is level 5, and Informational is level 6.
Cisco IOS Syslog follows standard severity level mappings from 0 (Emergency) to 7 (Debugging).
2
Sequence the items in ascending order based on their numerical severity values.
Alert (1) -> Error (3) -> Notice (5) -> Informational (6).
Lower numerical severity codes represent higher-priority, more critical events.

Key Concept

Syslog severity level numerical hierarchy in Cisco IOS
Question 183Question

A network operations team requires a Cisco IOS router to send only high-criticality log messages—specifically Emergency (severity 0), Alert (severity 1), and Critical (severity 2)—to a central syslog server at IP address 10.1.1.50. Simultaneously, the router must retain all messages up to the Informational level (severity 6) in local system RAM. Which set of commands correctly achieves this configuration?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: logging host 10.1.1.50
logging trap 2
logging buffered 6

Answer

The configuration using 'logging host 10.1.1.50', 'logging trap 2', and 'logging buffered 6' correctly configures the destination IP, syslog trap threshold, and local RAM buffer logging levels.
The correct command combination specifies 'logging host 10.1.1.50' to define the remote syslog server, 'logging trap 2' to forward events at or above Critical severity (levels 0, 1, and 2), and 'logging buffered 6' to store messages up to Informational severity (levels 0 through 6) in the local memory buffer.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the remote syslog server configuration command
The command 'logging host 10.1.1.50' designates 10.1.1.50 as the destination IP address for syslog messages.
Cisco IOS uses 'logging host' (or 'logging') to forward log messages to remote servers.
2
Determine the syslog trap threshold for remote forwarding
Emergency (0), Alert (1), and Critical (2) correspond to severity levels 0–2. Setting 'logging trap 2' includes severity level 2 and all lower numerical values (0, 1, 2).
Syslog logging trap thresholds include the specified level and all more severe (lower numeric) levels.
3
Determine the internal buffer logging threshold
Informational level corresponds to severity 6. Setting 'logging buffered 6' captures all messages from level 0 through level 6 in RAM.
Local RAM logging is configured via 'logging buffered <level-or-name>'.

Key Concept

Cisco IOS Syslog severity level thresholds and destination commands (logging host, logging trap, logging buffered).
Question 184Question

A host PC on a local subnet connects to router interface GigabitEthernet0/0, which is configured with IP address 192.168.100.1/24192.168.100.1/24 and the command `ip helper-address 10.50.1.10`. When the host broadcasts a DHCP DISCOVER message, the router performs DHCP relay operations. Which source and destination IP addresses are placed in the Layer 3 IP header of the unicast packet forwarded by the router to the DHCP server?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Source IP: 192.168.100.1192.168.100.1, Destination IP: 10.50.1.1010.50.1.10

Answer

The router sets the source IP address to 192.168.100.1192.168.100.1 (the ingress interface address receiving the client broadcast) and the destination IP address to 10.50.1.1010.50.1.10 (the DHCP server address configured in the `ip helper-address` statement).
When a Cisco router interface configured with `ip helper-address 10.50.1.10` receives a broadcast DHCP DISCOVER message, it acts as a DHCP relay agent. It populates the gateway IP address (`giaddr`) field in the DHCP payload with the interface's IP address (192.168.100.1192.168.100.1) and encapsulates the payload into a unicast IP packet. The outer IP header uses the interface IP (192.168.100.1192.168.100.1) as the Source IP and the configured helper address (10.50.1.1010.50.1.10) as the Destination IP.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the incoming packet from the client host.
The host sends a UDP broadcast DHCP DISCOVER message with source IP 0.0.0.00.0.0.0 and destination IP 255.255.255.255255.255.255.255.
Unconfigured DHCP clients cannot perform unicast routing initially and must broadcast to discover available servers.
2
Examine the router's DHCP relay mechanism triggered by `ip helper-address`.
The router intercepts the broadcast on interface GigabitEthernet0/0 (192.168.100.1192.168.100.1) and sets the gateway IP address (`giaddr`) field in the DHCP payload to 192.168.100.1192.168.100.1.
The `giaddr` field tells the remote DHCP server which subnet scope to select an IP address from.
3
Determine the outer Layer 3 IP header parameters of the relayed packet.
The router constructs a unicast IP packet with Source IP 192.168.100.1192.168.100.1 and Destination IP 10.50.1.1010.50.1.10.
The relay agent must encapsulate the request in a unicast packet directed to the configured helper address to route across intermediate networks.

Key Concept

DHCP Relay Agent IP Packet Unicast Forwarding and GIADDR Operation
Question 185Question

A network administrator configures Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) on a Cisco WAN router egress interface using Modular QoS CLI (MQC). The policy map contains a `priority` command allocated 128 kbps128\text{ kbps} for Expedited Forwarding (EF) voice traffic and a `bandwidth` command allocated 512 kbps512\text{ kbps} for Assured Forwarding (AF31) transactional data. During a link congestion event, voice traffic arrives at a sustained rate of 200 kbps200\text{ kbps}. Which statement accurately describes how the router processes the excess voice traffic beyond the allocated 128 kbps128\text{ kbps}?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The router police-drops or remarks the excess 72 kbps72\text{ kbps} of voice traffic to prevent starvation of the CBWFQ data queues.

Answer

The router drops or remarks the excess voice traffic exceeding the allocated priority bandwidth limit during congestion to protect remaining queues.
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) implements a strict priority queue for latency-sensitive traffic such as voice. To prevent a high-volume voice burst from monopolizing the interface and starving other CBWFQ queues during congestion, LLQ polices the priority queue to its allocated bandwidth limit (128 kbps128\text{ kbps}). Any traffic offered above this rate (72 kbps72\text{ kbps}) is policed (dropped or remarked), allowing remaining queues to receive their guaranteed bandwidth.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the QoS queuing mechanism in use.
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) combines a strict priority queue (`priority` command) with Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) queues (`bandwidth` command).
LLQ is designed to service delay-sensitive traffic like voice before any other queue.
2
Evaluate the behavior of the strict priority queue under interface congestion.
To prevent a strict priority queue from starving remaining CBWFQ queues, MQC enforces an implicit or explicit policer on the `priority` class during congestion.
Without a policing mechanism on the strict priority queue, an overload of voice traffic would prevent data queues from ever being serviced.
3
Calculate the incoming rate versus the configured threshold.
Configured priority bandwidth = 128 kbps128\text{ kbps}; offered traffic rate = 200 kbps200\text{ kbps}. The excess volume is 200128=72 kbps200 - 128 = 72\text{ kbps}.
Traffic up to 128 kbps128\text{ kbps} is transmitted with strict priority, and the remaining 72 kbps72\text{ kbps} is subjected to policing (dropped or remarked depending on explicit configuration).

Key Concept

LLQ Priority Queue Policing Mechanics under Congestion
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 186Question

A network administrator is deploying SSH version 2 for secure management on a Layer 3 switch named HQ-AggSwitch01. The switch already has a non-default hostname configured and local user accounts created. Which TWO configuration steps must be completed to successfully enable SSH version 2 and restrict remote management access strictly to SSH on the virtual terminal lines? (Select TWO.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Define an IP domain name and generate an RSA key pair with a modulus length of at least 768 bits.; Configure transport input ssh and login local within line vty configuration mode.

Answer

To enable SSH version 2 and secure VTY access, the administrator must configure an IP domain name with an RSA key pair of at least 768 bits, and configure 'transport input ssh' with 'login local' under line vty configuration mode.
Enabling SSH version 2 requires defining an IP domain name and generating an RSA key pair with at least 768 bits (768–2048 bits). Furthermore, securing the virtual terminal lines requires configuring 'login local' to authenticate users against local credentials and 'transport input ssh' to disable unencrypted protocols.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Verify prerequisite global SSH settings
Ensure a non-default hostname is set, configure an IP domain name using 'ip domain-name <domain>', and generate RSA keys using 'crypto key generate rsa'.
Cisco IOS automatically uses the hostname and domain name to form the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) needed for RSA key pair generation.
2
Ensure SSH version 2 operational compliance
Specify an RSA key modulus of 768 bits or greater (such as 1024 or 2048 bits).
Key sizes under 768 bits fail to support SSH version 2 and cause the device to fall back to SSH version 1.5.
3
Configure VTY line security and protocol binding
Under 'line vty 0 15', enter 'login local' to use local user database authentication and 'transport input ssh' to block unencrypted management protocols like Telnet.
Without 'login local', local user authentication will not be enforced, and without 'transport input ssh', plain-text Telnet access might remain permitted.

Key Concept

SSH Version 2 Configuration Prerequisites and VTY Line Securing
Question 187Question

A DHCP client host holding an active IPv4 address lease reaches 50 percent of its designated lease duration (expiration of the T1 timer). In what sequence do the client and server execute the operational steps required to successfully renew the existing IP lease?

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct operational sequence for DHCP lease renewal at T1 timer expiration is: 1) The client transitions to the RENEWING state and sends a unicast DHCPREQUEST directly to the server; 2) The DHCP server updates the lease entry and sends a unicast DHCPACK; 3) The client processes the DHCPACK and resets its T1 and T2 timers; 4) The client transitions back to the BOUND state.
When a DHCP client reaches 50 percent of its lease duration (T1 timer), it transitions into the RENEWING state and sends a unicast DHCPREQUEST packet directly to the server that granted the lease. The server receives the request, updates its binding table, and replies with a unicast DHCPACK. Upon receiving the DHCPACK, the client resets both its T1 and T2 timers and returns to the BOUND state, ensuring seamless network access.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial state change and message transmission by the client upon T1 timer expiration.
The client enters the RENEWING state and sends a unicast DHCPREQUEST directly to the server that granted the original lease.
At 50% of the lease duration, the client knows the server's IP address and attempts direct unicast renewal without broadcasting.
2
Determine the server's response to the direct renewal request.
The server verifies the binding record, updates the lease duration, and replies with a unicast DHCPACK packet.
The server acknowledges the request and commits the refreshed lease duration in its database.
3
Identify how the client processes the acknowledgment.
The client receives the DHCPACK packet and resets its T1 (50%) and T2 (87.5%) lease timers.
The acknowledgment provides fresh lease duration parameters, requiring local timers to restart.
4
Determine the final operational state of the client.
The client transitions back to the stable BOUND state.
With lease parameters successfully refreshed and timers reset, normal network interface binding continues.

Key Concept

DHCP Client State Machine and Unicast Lease Renewal (T1 Timer)
Question 188Question

A network administrator configures a Cisco IOS router interface with the `ip helper-address 10.1.1.50` command to support clients on subnets without a local DHCP server. Which two actions does the router perform upon receiving a DHCPDISCOVER broadcast message from a client host on that interface? (Select two.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The router converts the broadcast destination IP address (255.255.255.255255.255.255.255) into a unicast IP address matching the helper address (10.1.1.5010.1.1.50).; The router inserts the IP address of the receiving client-facing interface into the `giaddr` (Gateway IP Address) field of the DHCP message body.

Answer

The router converts the destination broadcast address to the unicast address of the DHCP server (10.1.1.50) and populates the `giaddr` field with the IP address of the receiving interface.
When a Cisco router acts as a DHCP relay agent, it intercepts client DHCPDISCOVER broadcast messages on the ingress interface configured with `ip helper-address`. It modifies the packet by changing the destination IP from broadcast (255.255.255.255255.255.255.255) to the unicast IP of the DHCP server. Additionally, it inserts the IP address of the receiving ingress interface into the `giaddr` field of the DHCP payload so the server knows which subnet scope to assign an address from.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze incoming packet type
Client sends a broadcast DHCPDISCOVER packet to destination IP 255.255.255.255255.255.255.255 and destination UDP port 67.
DHCP clients do not initially have an IP address or knowledge of the network architecture.
2
Process packet with DHCP Relay Agent logic
The router intercepts the broadcast on the interface where `ip helper-address 10.1.1.50` is configured.
The `ip helper-address` command tells the router to forward UDP port 67/68 broadcasts as unicast traffic.
3
Modify DHCP header payload and IP header
The router sets the `giaddr` field to its own receiving interface IP address and changes the packet destination IP to 10.1.1.5010.1.1.50.
The server relies on `giaddr` to identify the correct client IP pool, and unicast routing to deliver the packet across intermediate subnets.

Key Concept

DHCP Relay Agent Operation and Header Modification
Question 189Question

Host devices connected to an access switch on VLAN 15 (172.16.15.0/24172.16.15.0/24) are failing to receive automatic IPv4 address assignments. Router R1 serves as the default gateway via its GigabitEthernet0/0.15 subinterface, while the enterprise DHCP server is located at 10.1.1.25010.1.1.250 across the WAN backbone. To enable successful DHCP relay operation for hosts on VLAN 15, on which interface must the `ip helper-address 10.1.1.250` command be configured on router R1?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: On subinterface GigabitEthernet0/0.15, because the DHCP relay agent must intercept broadcast DISCOVER requests on the client-facing ingress gateway interface.

Answer

The helper address command must be configured on subinterface GigabitEthernet0/0.15, which is the client-facing ingress interface serving VLAN 15.
The correct answer specifies configuring the command on subinterface GigabitEthernet0/0.15. A Cisco IOS router acts as a DHCP relay agent by intercepting UDP broadcast traffic (ports 67 and 68) on the incoming client-facing interface, inserting its local interface address into the gateway IP address (giaddr) field of the DHCP packet header, and forwarding the request as a unicast packet to the designated DHCP server IP address.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the ingress interface receiving client broadcasts
GigabitEthernet0/0.15 is the local default gateway interface receiving client DHCP DISCOVER broadcast frames on VLAN 15.
DHCP relay functions by listening for Layer 2 broadcasts on the client-facing gateway interface.
2
Apply the IP helper address configuration
Enter subinterface configuration mode (`interface GigabitEthernet0/0.15`) and execute `ip helper-address 10.1.1.250`.
This instructs the router to intercept UDP broadcasts on ports 67/68 on that interface, insert its own interface IP into the giaddr field, and unicast the request to 10.1.1.25010.1.1.250.

Key Concept

Cisco IOS DHCP Relay Agent Interface Placement
Question 190Question

A network administrator is configuring a Cisco IOS router to act as a DHCP relay agent for host clients residing on VLAN 25 (10.25.0.0/2410.25.0.0/24). The centralized DHCP server is located at IP address 10.100.1.50/2410.100.1.50/24 in a different subnet connected off interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0. Which statements regarding the operation and Cisco IOS configuration of the DHCP relay agent are correct? (Select TWO.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The `ip helper-address 10.100.1.50` command must be configured under the client-facing subinterface (GigabitEthernet0/0.25).; The router inserts the client-facing interface IP address into the Gateway IP Address (`giaddr`) field of the DHCP header before unicasting the request to the server.

Answer

The correct statements are that the `ip helper-address 10.100.1.50` command must be configured on the client-facing interface (GigabitEthernet0/0.25), and that the router populates the Gateway IP Address (`giaddr`) field with its client-facing interface IP address when unicasting the request to the server.
Configuring `ip helper-address 10.100.1.50` on the client-facing gateway interface enables the router to listen for incoming client DHCP broadcasts. When relaying the request to the DHCP server as a unicast IPv4 packet, the router populates the `giaddr` (Gateway IP Address) field in the DHCP payload with the IP address of that client-facing interface, allowing the DHCP server to identify which address pool to select from.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the ingress interface for client DHCP broadcasts
Host clients send broadcast DHCP Discover requests on VLAN 25, which arrive at subinterface GigabitEthernet0/0.25.
DHCP relay interception must be enabled on the interface receiving the client broadcast traffic.
2
Verify proper command syntax and interface application
`ip helper-address 10.100.1.50` configured under interface GigabitEthernet0/0.25 converts UDP broadcasts (ports 67/68) into unicast packets destined for 10.100.1.5010.100.1.50.
Applying the command on the egress interface towards the server fails to intercept client broadcasts.
3
Analyze the Relay Agent packet payload modification
The router fills the `giaddr` field in the DHCP payload with the IP address assigned to GigabitEthernet0/0.25.
The centralized DHCP server uses `giaddr` to match the appropriate IP address pool (10.25.0.0/2410.25.0.0/24) for lease allocation.

Key Concept

DHCP Relay Agent Operation and Interface Configuration
Question 191Question

A network engineer is transferring a 450 MB Cisco IOS XE system image across a high-latency WAN connection to a branch router. Initial transfer attempts using TFTP fail due to frequent timeouts and poor throughput over the lossy link. The engineer switches the process to use FTP, and the image file transfers completely without error. Which operational characteristic of FTP explains why it succeeds over high-latency, lossy connections where TFTP fails?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: FTP operates over TCP, leveraging sliding windows and sliding sequence acknowledgments for reliable flow control and packet loss recovery.

Answer

FTP operates over TCP, leveraging sliding windows and sliding sequence acknowledgments for reliable flow control and packet loss recovery.
The option identifying FTP's use of TCP sliding windows and acknowledgments is correct. FTP uses TCP as its transport protocol, which provides full reliability mechanisms including sequence numbering, windowing, and selective/cumulative retransmissions. This allows FTP to efficiently handle packet drops and latency over WAN links without timing out the overall session.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze transport protocol mechanics for TFTP and FTP.
TFTP operates over UDP port 69 and uses lockstep acknowledgment (each block must be individually acknowledged before the next is sent). FTP operates over TCP (ports 20 and 21) and uses connection-oriented dynamics.
Transport layer mechanisms dictate file transfer behavior over lossy or delayed networks.
2
Evaluate impact of high latency and packet loss on lockstep vs windowed transfers.
On high-latency links with loss, TFTP lockstep acknowledgments experience severe throughput degradation and frequent timeouts. FTP's TCP windowing and dynamic retransmissions recover lost segments seamlessly.
TCP sliding windows allow multiple unacknowledged packets in transit, maximizing bandwidth utilization.

Key Concept

Operational characteristics and transport mechanics of TFTP vs FTP file transfers
Question 192Question

A host connected to VLAN 100 (10.100.1.0/2410.100.1.0/24) broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet to obtain network parameters. The client-facing gateway interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.100 (10.100.1.1/2410.100.1.1/24) on router R1 is configured with the command `ip helper-address 192.168.50.10`. Which operation does router R1 perform upon receiving this broadcast?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: R1 inserts its GigabitEthernet0/0/0.100 IP address (10.100.1.110.100.1.1) into the `giaddr` field and forwards the request as a unicast packet to 192.168.50.10192.168.50.10.

Answer

Router R1 inserts the IP address of its client-facing interface (10.100.1.110.100.1.1) into the `giaddr` field of the DHCP payload and forwards the request as a unicast packet to the configured relay destination 192.168.50.10192.168.50.10.
When a router configured with `ip helper-address` receives a broadcast DHCPDISCOVER packet on a client-facing interface, it acts as a DHCP relay agent. It populates the `giaddr` (gateway IP address) field in the DHCP header with the IP address assigned to the receiving ingress interface (10.100.1.110.100.1.1). This critical step enables the remote DHCP server to select an IP address from the matching IP pool subnet. The router then converts the broadcast frame into a unicast IP packet addressed directly to the helper address (192.168.50.10192.168.50.10).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the incoming DHCPDISCOVER request on the client-facing gateway interface.
The host sends a layer 2 broadcast (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FFFF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF) and layer 3 broadcast (255.255.255.255255.255.255.255) requesting an address assignment on VLAN 100.
DHCP clients initially have no IP address and must discover servers via broadcasting.
2
Evaluate the relay agent processing mechanism invoked by `ip helper-address`.
Router R1 intercepts the UDP broadcast port 67 packet, inserts 10.100.1.110.100.1.1 into the `giaddr` (Gateway IP Address) field of the DHCP message header, and sets the destination IP to 192.168.50.10192.168.50.10.
The `giaddr` field informs the remote DHCP server which subnet IP pool must be drawn from to serve the client.
3
Determine packet forwarding mechanics across the network core.
R1 routes the modified request as a standard unicast packet to 192.168.50.10192.168.50.10.
Unicast routing allows the DHCP request to cross multiple routed hops to reach a centralized server.

Key Concept

DHCP Relay Agent Operation and Gateway IP Address (`giaddr`) Insertion
Estimated Time:1m 15s
Question 193Question

A network administrator needs to back up a Cisco IOS router's running configuration to a remote FTP server at IP address 10.1.1.50 using the username 'admin' and password 'Cisco123'. Which command correctly completes this file transfer in a single step?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: copy running-config ftp://admin:[email protected]/running-config.cfg

Answer

The command 'copy running-config ftp://admin:[email protected]/running-config.cfg' correctly backs up the running configuration using FTP with inline credentials.
The correct command follows the Cisco IOS convention 'copy source destination' and properly formats the FTP URL with inline authentication credentials as 'ftp://username:password@ip_address/filename'.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the source and destination for the Cisco IOS copy operation.
Source is 'running-config' and destination is the remote FTP server.
Cisco IOS uses the syntax 'copy <source> <destination>'.
2
Format the FTP URL protocol string with authentication credentials.
URL string structured as 'ftp://admin:[email protected]/running-config.cfg'.
FTP requires user authentication; Cisco IOS supports inline URL authentication using the 'ftp://username:password@host/filepath' format.

Key Concept

Cisco IOS copy command syntax and FTP URL format with authentication
Question 194Question

A network administrator is evaluating network file transfer protocols to manage router software images and configuration backups across an enterprise network. Which TWO statements correctly describe operational differences between TFTP and FTP in a Cisco IOS environment?

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: TFTP operates over UDP port 69 without user authentication, whereas FTP uses TCP ports 20 and 21 and supports username/password authentication.; FTP leverages TCP windowing and sequencing for reliable transfer over variable-latency links, whereas TFTP uses a lock-step stop-and-wait acknowledgment mechanism over UDP.

Answer

The two correct statements are that TFTP operates over UDP port 69 without authentication while FTP uses TCP ports 20 and 21 with authentication support, and that FTP leverages TCP windowing for reliable transfer while TFTP relies on a stop-and-wait acknowledgment mechanism over UDP.
The statements highlighting that TFTP operates unauthenticated over UDP port 69 while FTP uses TCP ports 20/21 with authentication, and that FTP employs TCP windowing while TFTP employs lock-step stop-and-wait acknowledgments, correctly identify the fundamental transport, security, and flow control differences between the two protocols.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze transport layer protocol and port usage for both TFTP and FTP
TFTP uses UDP port 69. FTP uses TCP port 21 for control connection setup and TCP port 20 for active data connection transfer.
Understanding transport protocol assignment is fundamental to network file management.
2
Evaluate authentication mechanisms for both protocols
TFTP lacks authentication features completely. FTP requires or explicitly negotiates user credentials (username and password).
Security and access control capabilities differentiate basic file transfer protocols from authenticated management protocols.
3
Evaluate data delivery mechanics and windowing behavior
TFTP uses a lock-step (stop-and-wait) block acknowledgment scheme over UDP. FTP uses TCP flow control and windowing for dynamic bandwidth utilization.
Flow control mechanics dictate protocol performance and reliability characteristics over WAN connections.

Key Concept

Operational differences between TFTP (UDP 69, unauthenticated, lock-step) and FTP (TCP 20/21, authenticated, windowed flow control) in network management.
Question 195Question

An enterprise WAN link connects a remote branch office to the primary data center over a service provider connection with a contracted Committed Information Rate (CIR) of 10 Mbps10\text{ Mbps}. The service provider immediately drops any bursts that exceed 10 Mbps10\text{ Mbps} at the ingress port of the provider edge router. To prevent packet drops during short bursts by queuing excess packets in memory and releasing them at a controlled rate, which Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism should be applied to the enterprise egress router interface?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Traffic shaping

Answer

Traffic shaping
Traffic shaping uses internal memory buffers to store packets that exceed the configured bandwidth limit (such as a 10 Mbps10\text{ Mbps} CIR) during burst periods. It then releases the queued packets onto the physical link at a steady, controlled rate, preventing packet drops at downstream provider interfaces that strictly enforce rate limits.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the operational requirements of the WAN interface scenario.
The service provider enforces a strict limit (10 Mbps10\text{ Mbps}) and drops micro-bursts that exceed the CIR.
Enterprise traffic exceeding the contracted threshold gets dropped at the provider edge unless smoothed prior to egress.
2
Compare traffic conditioning mechanisms (policing vs. shaping).
Traffic policing discards out-of-profile packets or remarks them; traffic shaping buffers excess traffic and queues it for delayed transmission.
Buffering smoothed traffic prevents packet drops at the provider edge during brief micro-bursts.
3
Select the mechanism that buffers excess traffic for egress transmission.
Traffic shaping is the correct mechanism.
It aligns egress transmission rates with the contracted provider rate via packet buffering.

Key Concept

Traffic Shaping vs. Traffic Policing Mechanisms
Question 196Question

Match each Quality of Service (QoS) concept or mechanism on the left to its corresponding operational characteristic or header specification on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Expedited Forwarding (EF)
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ)
Traffic Policing
Class of Service (CoS)

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Expedited Forwarding (EF) matches DSCP value 46; Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) matches bandwidth allocation without strict priority; Traffic Policing matches dropping or remarking excess packets without buffering; Class of Service (CoS) matches the 3-bit Layer 2 802.1Q header field.
Each QoS concept correctly aligns with its protocol layer, header field, or operational mechanism: Expedited Forwarding (EF) maps to DSCP 46; CBWFQ provides minimum bandwidth guarantees across user-defined classes; Traffic Policing enforces rate bounds by dropping/remarking packets without using buffers; and CoS utilizes the 3-bit field inside IEEE 802.1Q headers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the DSCP Per-Hop Behavior (PHB) designated for delay-sensitive voice payload.
Expedited Forwarding (EF) corresponds to DSCP value 46 (1011102101110_2).
EF PHB ensures a guaranteed service rate with minimal delay and jitter for real-time applications.
2
Analyze how Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) manages bandwidth.
CBWFQ allocates guaranteed minimum bandwidth percentages to defined classes.
Standard CBWFQ guarantees bandwidth per class during congestion but does not offer strict latency prioritization unless paired with Low Latency Queuing (LLQ).
3
Distinguish Traffic Policing from Traffic Shaping mechanics.
Policing enforces rate limits by immediately dropping or remarking excess packets without queue buffers.
Traffic shaping buffers excess traffic to smooth burst profiles, whereas policing acts instantaneously without memory buffering.
4
Evaluate Layer 2 QoS marking standards.
Class of Service (CoS) resides in the 3-bit Priority Code Point (PCP) field within an IEEE 802.1Q Ethernet tag.
CoS operates strictly at Layer 2 across trunk links and allows values from 0 through 7.

Key Concept

QoS Per-Hop Behaviors, Marking, Queuing, and Traffic Conditioning
Question 197Question

A network engineer is evaluating QoS traffic conditioning strategies for a branch connection using a sub-rate Ethernet service where the committed information rate is lower than the physical interface speed. Which two characteristics accurately distinguish traffic policing from traffic shaping in this scenario? (Select two.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Traffic shaping buffers out-of-profile packets in memory queues to smooth egress traffic spikes.; Traffic policing immediately drops or remarks packets that exceed the configured bandwidth threshold without buffering.

Answer

Traffic shaping buffers out-of-profile packets in memory queues to smooth egress traffic spikes, and traffic policing immediately drops or remarks packets that exceed the configured bandwidth threshold without buffering.
Traffic shaping regulates output rates by queuing non-conforming packets and transmitting them smoothly over time. In contrast, traffic policing enforces rate limits without buffering, immediately dropping or remarking packets that exceed specified burst limits.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze operational behavior of traffic shaping
Shaping buffers excess bursts in queues and smooths the egress flow to match the configured rate, introducing queuing delay rather than immediate drops.
Shapers use queue buffers to manage micro-bursts and smooth out-of-profile traffic.
2
Analyze operational behavior of traffic policing
Policing checks traffic against rate limits and immediately drops or remarks non-conforming packets without using memory buffers.
Policers operate on a bucket mechanism with no queue storage capability.

Key Concept

Traffic Policing vs. Traffic Shaping Mechanics
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 198Question

A network administrator is deploying Cisco IP Phones across an enterprise network where desktop PCs are daisy-chained to the secondary switch port on each IP Phone. Which configuration location represents the recommended placement of the QoS trust boundary to prevent PC traffic from spoofing high-priority Layer 2 CoS values while ensuring voice packets are appropriately prioritized?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: At the Cisco IP Phone, trusting CoS markings generated by the phone while untrusting and remarking traffic from the connected PC to CoS 0.

Answer

The QoS trust boundary should be enforced at the Cisco IP Phone, trusting voice traffic tagged by the phone while untrusting and rewriting CoS markings from the attached PC to 0.
Extending the trust boundary to the Cisco IP Phone ensures that voice traffic generated by the phone is trusted, while traffic originating from the daisy-chained PC is untrusted and rewritten to a default best-effort value (CoS 0) before entering the switch access port.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the risk of untrusted endpoints at the network edge.
Desktop PCs connected to the IP phone can potentially send frames with altered Class of Service (CoS) bits to gain unauthorized priority.
If untrusted PC traffic is prioritized, critical voice traffic may experience jitter, latency, or packet loss.
2
Determine the optimal trust boundary enforcement point.
The trust boundary is extended to the Cisco IP Phone using switch commands (e.g., `mls qos trust cos` combined with `switchport priority extend trust` or `switchport priority extend cos 0`).
The Cisco IP Phone acts as a micro-switch, marking its own voice payload appropriately while stripping or remarking incoming traffic from the attached PC port down to CoS 0.

Key Concept

QoS Trust Boundary Placement and CoS Marking Enforcement
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