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Difficulty: EasyEncapsulation and De-encapsulation

A client computer on a local network prepares to transmit a web request to a remote server. Arrange the Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and data forms in the correct order as they are created during the outbound encapsulation process, from the top of the OSI model down to physical transmission.

  1. 1Data (User payload generated at the Application layer)
  2. 2Segment (Transport layer header containing port numbers is added)
  3. 3Packet (Network layer header containing IP addresses is added)
  4. 4Frame (Data Link layer header containing MAC addresses and FCS trailer are added)
  5. 5Bits (Physical layer converts data into binary signals for the physical medium)

Answer

The correct order of encapsulation from top to bottom is: Data, Segment, Packet, Frame, and Bits.
Outbound network transmission follows a strict top-down encapsulation sequence through the OSI layers: Application Data is encapsulated into a Transport Layer Segment, which is encapsulated into a Network Layer Packet, then into a Data Link Layer Frame, and finally converted into Physical Layer Bits for transmission.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the top layer where data originates.
Data is created at the Application layer (Layer 7).
Encapsulation always begins with the application payload at the upper layers.
2
Process data at Layer 4 (Transport layer).
Data becomes a Segment with port information attached.
The transport layer manages port-based process-to-process communication.
3
Process data at Layer 3 (Network layer).
Segment becomes a Packet with IP addressing attached.
The network layer provides logical routing across IP networks.
4
Process data at Layer 2 (Data Link layer).
Packet becomes a Frame with MAC addressing and a trailer attached.
The data link layer prepares the data for transmission on the local network segment.
5
Process data at Layer 1 (Physical layer).
Frame is converted into Bits for media transmission.
The physical layer transmits raw signals over cable, fiber, or wireless media.

Key Concept

Top-Down Encapsulation Sequence and Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
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Topics

Encapsulation and De-encapsulation

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