A workstation sends an HTTP request to a remote server. Arrange the following steps of the top-down data encapsulation process in the correct sequential order from the generation of user data down to line transmission.
- 1The application layer formats payload data and passes it down to create the initial protocol data unit.
- 2The transport layer appends a header specifying source and destination port numbers to form a segment.
- 3The network layer encapsulates the segment with logical source and destination IP addresses to create a packet.
- 4The data link layer encapsulates the packet with physical MAC addressing and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) trailer to construct a frame.
- 5The physical layer encodes the binary frame into physical signals for transmission over the network medium.
Answer
The correct encapsulation order flows top-down: Application payload formatting, Transport layer port headers (Segment), Network layer IP addressing (Packet), Data Link layer MAC framing and FCS (Frame), and Physical layer bit signaling.
Encapsulation processes data top-down through the OSI model stack: Application layer formats payload -> Transport layer appends TCP/UDP headers (creating segments) -> Network layer adds IP headers (creating packets) -> Data Link layer appends MAC headers and FCS trailers (creating frames) -> Physical layer converts bits into signals for physical media transmission.
Step-by-Step Solution
Key Concept
OSI Data Encapsulation Order