Networking Concepts

538 questions

Question 381Question

A network administrator is assigning static IP addresses to virtual machine interfaces within a subnet designated as 10.200.45.64/2710.200.45.64/27. Which of the following IP addresses represent valid usable host addresses within this subnet? (Select TWO)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 10.200.45.6510.200.45.65; 10.200.45.9410.200.45.94

Answer

The addresses 10.200.45.6510.200.45.65 and 10.200.45.9410.200.45.94 are valid usable host addresses.
For a /27/27 subnet starting at network ID 10.200.45.6410.200.45.64, the block contains 32 total IP addresses ending at 10.200.45.9510.200.45.95. The first address (10.200.45.6410.200.45.64) serves as the network ID and the last address (10.200.45.9510.200.45.95) serves as the subnet broadcast address. Therefore, the assignable usable host IP range spans from 10.200.45.6510.200.45.65 to 10.200.45.9410.200.45.94, making 10.200.45.6510.200.45.65 and 10.200.45.9410.200.45.94 valid usable host IP addresses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the total block size from the CIDR prefix.
A /27/27 prefix length leaves 3227=532 - 27 = 5 host bits. The total number of IP addresses in the block is 25=322^5 = 32.
The CIDR prefix determines the number of bits allocated to the host portion of the address.
2
Calculate the network ID and broadcast address for the subnet.
The network address is 10.200.45.6410.200.45.64. The broadcast address is 10.200.45.64+321=10.200.45.9510.200.45.64 + 32 - 1 = 10.200.45.95.
The network address is the first IP in the block, and the broadcast address is the final IP in the block.
3
Identify the range of usable host IP addresses.
Excluding the network ID (10.200.45.6410.200.45.64) and broadcast address (10.200.45.9510.200.45.95) yields a usable host range from 10.200.45.6510.200.45.65 to 10.200.45.9410.200.45.94.
Usable host addresses must exclude the reserved network ID and broadcast addresses.

Key Concept

IPv4 Subnet Boundaries and Usable Host Range Calculation
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 382Question

A network administrator is configuring a firewall rule to allow secure remote graphical management from an internal administrative jump host to a pool of Windows application servers. To enforce the principle of least privilege, the firewall policy should strictly limit access to the standard Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Which transport protocol and destination port combination must be permitted in the firewall policy?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: TCP port 3389

Answer

TCP port 3389 is the standard transport protocol and destination port used for Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) traffic.
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) uses TCP port 3389 by default to establish reliable, connection-oriented virtual graphical desktop sessions between a client and a remote server.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the service and management protocol requested in the scenario.
The requirement specifies standard Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) for graphical server administration.
Different remote administration services use distinct transport layer protocols and default well-known ports.
2
Determine the transport layer protocol and default well-known port number for RDP.
RDP natively uses TCP as its primary transport protocol and listends on default port 3389.
Connection-oriented delivery guaranteed by TCP is required for control and screen rendering reliability.
3
Match the identified protocol and port to the corresponding firewall rule option.
Configuring a firewall rule permitting TCP port 3389 satisfies the least privilege requirement for RDP traffic.
Permitting TCP 3389 opens only the strictly required path for RDP management sessions.

Key Concept

Common Ports and Protocols: Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 383Question

A network technician is provisioning a new subnet for an office department that requires static IPv4 addresses for 5050 workstation computers and 44 network printers. Which of the following CIDR prefix lengths represents the smallest subnet mask that will accommodate all required devices while conserving address space?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: /26/26

Answer

The prefix length /26/26 is the smallest subnet mask that provides enough usable host addresses (6262) for the 5454 required devices.
The correct answer specifying /26/26 allocates 66 bits for the host portion of the address space (3226=632 - 26 = 6). This creates 26=642^6 = 64 total IP addresses. Subtracting 22 addresses for the network ID and broadcast address results in 6262 usable IP addresses, which efficiently accommodates the required 5454 devices (5050 workstations + 44 printers) with minimal waste.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Calculate total required host addresses
50 workstations+4 printers=54 host addresses50 \text{ workstations} + 4 \text{ printers} = 54 \text{ host addresses}
Both workstations and printers require individual usable host IP addresses on the network.
2
Determine the required number of host bits (hh)
For h=6h = 6 host bits, total addresses = 26=642^6 = 64. Usable addresses = 642=6264 - 2 = 62. Since 625462 \ge 54, 66 host bits are required.
The formula for usable hosts is 2h22^h - 2, reserving one address for the network ID and one for the broadcast address.
3
Calculate the CIDR prefix length
Prefix length = 326=2632 - 6 = 26, denoted as /26/26.
IPv4 addresses consist of 32 total bits. Subtracting the host bits from 32 gives the network prefix length.

Key Concept

Calculating host requirements and CIDR prefix masks for IPv4 subnets
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 384Question

A network administrator is analyzing packet captures on a core router interface to troubleshoot routing updates. The administrator observes routing protocol packets being encapsulated directly into Layer 3 IP payloads using IP protocol number 89, without using Layer 4 Transport Layer headers such as TCP or UDP. Which of the following dynamic routing protocols is generating these packet captures?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Answer

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is the dynamic routing protocol that encapsulates its protocol messages directly into Layer 3 IP payloads using IP protocol number 89.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) formats its protocol messages directly inside IP packets using IP protocol number 89. It does not use Layer 4 protocols like TCP or UDP, managing packet delivery reliability internally through link-state acknowledgments.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the OSI layer encapsulation characteristics described in the scenario.
The routing protocol operates directly above Layer 3 (IP) with IP protocol number 89 and does not use a Layer 4 transport protocol (TCP or UDP).
Different dynamic routing protocols operate at different layers of the network protocol stack.
2
Evaluate the protocol encapsulation mechanisms of the listed dynamic routing protocols.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89 directly over IP, BGP uses TCP port 179, and RIPv2 uses UDP port 520.
Knowing protocol numbers and transport mechanisms helps distinguish protocol behaviors during packet analysis.
3
Select the matching routing protocol.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) matches IP protocol number 89 direct IP encapsulation.
OSPF implements its own reliable transport mechanism via link-state acknowledgments rather than relying on TCP or UDP.

Key Concept

Dynamic Routing Protocol Encapsulation and Layer 3 Operations
Question 385Question

A network administrator is troubleshooting an issue where secondary DNS servers are unable to complete full zone transfers from the primary master DNS server across an internal firewall boundary. Standard client host name lookup queries across the firewall operate successfully. Which transport layer protocol and port number must be permitted on the firewall to allow zone transfers to complete?

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Answer: TCP port 53

Answer

TCP port 53 must be permitted on the firewall to support DNS zone transfers.
DNS relies on TCP port 53 for zone transfers between primary and secondary name servers. Because zone replication involves transferring entire domain database files, it exceeds the 512-byte payload threshold of standard UDP DNS messages and requires the connection-oriented reliability, error recovery, and packet sequencing provided by TCP.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the functional difference between DNS queries and DNS zone transfers.
Standard queries use UDP port 53 for fast, lightweight resolution, whereas zone transfers replicate entire zone database files.
Zone transfers contain large volumes of records that exceed the traditional 512-byte UDP limit and require reliable connection-oriented delivery.
2
Identify the protocol and port utilized specifically for zone transfer operations.
DNS uses TCP port 53 for zone replication between primary and secondary servers.
TCP ensures complete and error-free transmission of large database records across network boundaries.

Key Concept

DNS Transport Layer Operations (TCP vs UDP Port 53)
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 386Question

An enterprise network administrator is deploying a new edge connection to an external Internet Service Provider (ISP) to exchange public routing information across autonomous boundaries. The internal network currently uses OSPF for internal routing. Which routing protocol should be deployed on the edge router facing the ISP, and what is the primary reason for this selection?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), because it is an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) designed to route traffic between different Autonomous Systems across the Internet.

Answer

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) should be deployed because it is an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) specifically designed to handle routing between different Autonomous Systems across public network boundaries.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the standard Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) used across the global Internet to exchange routing information between separate Autonomous Systems (ASes). It allows enterprise edge routers to establish peering sessions with ISPs and exchange policy-based routing information.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the network requirement boundary.
The scenario specifies connecting an internal enterprise network to an external ISP across an autonomous boundary.
Routing within an organization requires an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), while routing between independent organizations/ISPs requires an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).
2
Evaluate protocol classification options.
OSPF and RIPv2 are Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs). BGP is the standard Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).
BGP uses Autonomous System numbers (ASNs) and path-vector metrics to manage policies and routes between distinct ISP networks.
3
Select the correct dynamic routing protocol for the ISP edge.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is selected.
Only BGP meets the operational requirements for inter-Autonomous System path vector routing and policy control on the public Internet edge.

Key Concept

Interior vs. Exterior Gateway Protocols (IGP vs. EGP)
Question 387Question

A network engineer is configuring a default gateway for a VoIP phone subnet that has been allocated the IPv4 address block 172.20.48.0/20172.20.48.0/20. Which of the following IP addresses represents the last usable host address available for assignment within this subnet?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 172.20.63.254172.20.63.254

Answer

172.20.63.254172.20.63.254
A /20/20 prefix (255.255.240.0255.255.240.0) provides a block size of 16 in the third octet. For the subnet starting at 172.20.48.0172.20.48.0, the full block extends up to 172.20.63.255172.20.63.255. Subtracting the network address (172.20.48.0172.20.48.0) and the broadcast address (172.20.63.255172.20.63.255) leaves usable host addresses ranging from 172.20.48.1172.20.48.1 to 172.20.63.254172.20.63.254. Thus, the address ending in .63.254.63.254 is the last usable host IP.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the subnet mask and block size for a /20/20 prefix.
A /20/20 prefix corresponds to a subnet mask of 255.255.240.0255.255.240.0. The block size in the third octet is 256240=16256 - 240 = 16.
The prefix length determines how many bits are allocated to the network portion.
2
Calculate the network address boundaries.
Starting at 172.20.48.0172.20.48.0, adding the third-octet block size of 16 yields the next subnet address, which is 172.20.64.0172.20.64.0.
Finding the next network boundary defines the upper limit of the current subnet.
3
Determine the broadcast address and last usable host IP.
The broadcast address is one position below the next network ID (172.20.63.255172.20.63.255). The last usable host address is one below the broadcast address (172.20.63.254172.20.63.254).
The network address (first) and broadcast address (last) are reserved and cannot be assigned to hosts.

Key Concept

IPv4 Subnet Boundaries and Host Address Allocation
Question 388Question

A network administrator is designing an IPv4 subnet for a new regional warehouse facility. The facility requires static and dynamic IP address assignments for 115115 endpoint devices, including inventory scanners, workstation PCs, and network printers. What is the maximum number of usable host IP addresses available in the smallest CIDR subnet mask that satisfies this host requirement?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 126

Answer

The smallest CIDR block accommodating 115 hosts is a /25 prefix (255.255.255.128), which provides 126 usable host IP addresses.
To accommodate 115 hosts, a subnet requires at least 115+2=117115 + 2 = 117 total IP addresses. The smallest power of 2 covering 117 is 27=1282^7 = 128, corresponding to a /25/25 subnet prefix. Subtracting the Network ID and Broadcast address (1282128 - 2) results in 126 usable host IP addresses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Calculate the total required IP space including reserved network and broadcast addresses.
115 required host IPs+2 reserved addresses=117 total IP addresses115 \text{ required host IPs} + 2 \text{ reserved addresses} = 117 \text{ total IP addresses}.
Every IPv4 subnet reserves the first address for the Network ID and the final address for the Broadcast address.
2
Determine the smallest block size (2n2^n) that accommodates the total address requirement.
27=128 total addresses2^7 = 128 \text{ total addresses}, corresponding to host bits n=7n=7 and prefix length 327=/2532 - 7 = /25.
26=642^6 = 64 total addresses (6262 usable) is insufficient for 115115 devices.
3
Subtract the 2 reserved addresses to find total usable host capacity.
1282=126 usable host IP addresses128 - 2 = 126 \text{ usable host IP addresses}.
Usable host capacity formula is 2(32prefix)22^{(32 - \text{prefix})} - 2.

Key Concept

IPv4 Subnet Mask Host Capacity Calculation
Question 389Question

A network operations engineer is auditing firewall configurations and service rules across enterprise infrastructure. Match each protocol and default transport port on the left with its corresponding functional application on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

TACACS+ (TCP Port 49)
SIP (TCP/UDP Port 5060)
SMB (TCP Port 445)
ISAKMP / IPsec (UDP Port 500)

Matches

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Answer

TACACS+ (TCP Port 49) matches centralized AAA authentication for network infrastructure administration; SIP (TCP/UDP Port 5060) matches session initiation, management, and teardown for VoIP communications; SMB (TCP Port 445) matches direct network file system and shared printer resource access over IP; ISAKMP / IPsec (UDP Port 500) matches security association negotiation and key exchange for site-to-site VPNs.
Each protocol is accurately paired with its standardized default transport port and functional role within enterprise networking.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze administrative access protocol specifications
Identify TACACS+ as operating over TCP port 49 for infrastructure AAA management.
TACACS+ encrypts the entire payload and uses TCP port 49 specifically for administrative device AAA.
2
Identify VoIP control signaling requirements
Map SIP to TCP/UDP port 5060 for call session management.
SIP handles session signaling over port 5060, distinguishing it from the audio stream handled by RTP.
3
Evaluate network file sharing transport options
Match SMB with TCP port 445 for direct file and printer access.
Modern enterprise SMB operates natively over TCP 445 without needing NetBIOS over TCP/IP (ports 137-139).
4
Determine key management for encrypted tunnel establishment
Associate ISAKMP / IPsec with UDP port 500 for VPN security negotiation.
Internet Key Exchange (IKE/ISAKMP) negotiates IPsec security associations over UDP port 500.

Key Concept

Common Ports and Protocol Transport Layer Functions
Question 390Question

Match each routing decision concept on the left with its corresponding description in router path selection on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Longest Prefix Match
Administrative Distance
Metric
Next-Hop Address

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Longest Prefix Match pairs with the primary criteria evaluated first when choosing among multiple destination route entries with different subnet masks; Administrative Distance pairs with the rating of trustworthiness used to select the preferred routing source for identical prefixes; Metric pairs with the calculated cost value used by a single routing protocol to rank candidate paths; Next-Hop Address pairs with the IP address of the adjacent gateway device.
Each routing concept directly matches its fundamental role in packet forwarding decisions. Longest Prefix Match specifies that the entry with the longest subnet mask is chosen first. Administrative Distance compares trustworthiness across different routing protocols. Metric measures path desirability within a single protocol. Next-Hop Address identifies the immediate next gateway router on the path.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the precedence rule for routing table lookup.
Longest Prefix Match is applied first before administrative distance or metric are considered.
Routers always prefer the most specific matching route entry for an incoming destination IP address.
2
Differentiate between inter-protocol and intra-protocol path selection criteria.
Administrative Distance breaks ties between different routing protocols for identical prefixes, whereas Metric breaks ties among multiple routes within the same protocol.
Routers need separate mechanisms to rate protocol source trustworthiness versus internal path performance.
3
Define the forwarding component of a routing table entry.
The Next-Hop Address provides the adjacent layer 3 egress point required to build the encapsulation frame.
Packets must be sent to an immediate downstream router interface to move closer to their final destination.

Key Concept

Routing Table Decision Process and Terminology
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 391Question

A cloud network engineer is provisioning a subnetwork for a microservices cluster within a virtual private cloud (VPC). The subnetwork is assigned the IPv4 block 10.240.12.128/2510.240.12.128/25. Which of the following IPv4 addresses represents the last usable host IP address that can be assigned to a container instance in this subnet?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 10.240.12.254

Answer

10.240.12.254 is the last usable host IPv4 address in the 10.240.12.128/25 subnet.
With a /25 network mask, 7 host bits are available, creating a subnet size of 128 total IP addresses (27=1282^7 = 128). The subnet range spans from 10.240.12.128 to 10.240.12.255. The network address is 10.240.12.128 and the broadcast address is 10.240.12.255. The usable host IP range is 10.240.12.129 through 10.240.12.254, making 10.240.12.254 the last usable host address.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the host bits and total addresses in the subnet
The prefix /25/25 leaves 3225=732 - 25 = 7 host bits. The total address block size is 27=1282^7 = 128 addresses.
Calculating the block size identifies the IP boundary range.
2
Identify the network boundary range
Starting at 10.240.12.12810.240.12.128, adding 128128 addresses yields the range 10.240.12.12810.240.12.128 through 10.240.12.25510.240.12.255.
The network address is the first address (10.240.12.12810.240.12.128) and the broadcast address is the last address (10.240.12.25510.240.12.255).
3
Calculate the last usable host IP address
Subtract 11 from the broadcast address: 10.240.12.2551=10.240.12.25410.240.12.255 - 1 = 10.240.12.254.
Usable host addresses reside between the network address and broadcast address.

Key Concept

IPv4 Subnet Boundaries and Usable Host Range Calculation
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 392Question

A network administrator is assigning IPv4 addresses to host interfaces within a newly provisioned subnet allocated the address block 10.100.16.64/2710.100.16.64/27. Which of the following IPv4 addresses are valid usable host IP addresses within this subnet? (Select TWO.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 10.100.16.6510.100.16.65; 10.100.16.9410.100.16.94

Answer

The IP addresses 10.100.16.6510.100.16.65 and 10.100.16.9410.100.16.94 are valid usable host addresses within the 10.100.16.64/2710.100.16.64/27 IPv4 subnet block.
For the IPv4 block 10.100.16.64/2710.100.16.64/27, a /27/27 mask yields 3232 total addresses per block. The subnet starts at network ID 10.100.16.6410.100.16.64 and ends at broadcast address 10.100.16.9510.100.16.95. Subtracting these two reserved boundary addresses leaves the usable host address range of 10.100.16.6510.100.16.65 through 10.100.16.9410.100.16.94. Therefore, 10.100.16.6510.100.16.65 and 10.100.16.9410.100.16.94 are both valid usable host IPs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the subnet mask and total block size for a /27/27 CIDR prefix.
A /27/27 prefix corresponds to a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224255.255.255.224. The block size per subnet is 256224=32256 - 224 = 32 total addresses.
Establishing the block size defines the subnet boundaries for network and broadcast calculations.
2
Calculate the network address, broadcast address, and assignable host range for the subnet block.
Network ID: 10.100.16.6410.100.16.64. Broadcast address: 10.100.16.64+31=10.100.16.9510.100.16.64 + 31 = 10.100.16.95. Usable host range: 10.100.16.6510.100.16.65 through 10.100.16.9410.100.16.94.
The network address (first IP) and broadcast address (last IP) are reserved and subtracted from the usable host address pool.
3
Evaluate the given choices against the usable host IP address range.
10.100.16.6510.100.16.65 and 10.100.16.9410.100.16.94 fall within the usable range (10.100.16.6510.100.16.6510.100.16.9410.100.16.94), while 10.100.16.6410.100.16.64 (Network ID) and 10.100.16.9510.100.16.95 (Broadcast address) are reserved.
Only host addresses falling strictly between the network ID and broadcast address are assignable.

Key Concept

IPv4 Subnet Boundaries and Usable Host Range
Question 393Question

A network monitoring engineer is configuring internal firewall rules to allow enterprise routers and switches to send unsolicited asynchronous event notifications (traps) to a centralized Network Management System (NMS). Which transport protocol and destination port must be permitted through the firewall for the NMS collector to receive these incoming trap messages?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: UDP port 162

Answer

UDP port 162 is the standard protocol and port used by Network Management System (NMS) collectors to receive SNMP Trap and Inform notifications from network agents.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agents send unsolicited notification messages, known as Traps or Informs, to an NMS manager station over UDP port 162. UDP is chosen for its minimal protocol overhead during alert generation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the specific SNMP operational communication flow described in the scenario.
The scenario specifies agent-initiated, unsolicited event notifications (traps) sent to an NMS collector.
Standard SNMP polling (GET/SET) and SNMP notifications (TRAP/INFORM) operate on different destination port numbers.
2
Determine the transport protocol used by SNMP messaging.
SNMP utilizes UDP due to its low overhead and connectionless nature.
Connectionless transport prevents management traffic from blocking device resources during network events.
3
Map the trap event direction to the standardized UDP port number.
SNMP Traps target UDP port 162 on the NMS receiver, whereas SNMP Manager queries target UDP port 161 on agents.
Distinguishing port 161 (polling listener on agents) from port 162 (trap listener on NMS) ensures correct firewall ACL directionality.

Key Concept

SNMP Port Differentiation (Polling UDP 161 vs. Traps UDP 162)
Question 394Question

A network engineer is configuring a dual-homed router connecting a remote office to the corporate headquarters. The primary WAN connection dynamically receives routes via OSPF, while a secondary LTE backup link is configured using a static route to the same destination network (10.50.0.0/1610.50.0.0/16). The administrator wants the router to automatically prefer the OSPF route under normal operations and fall back to the static route only if the primary OSPF link fails. Given that default administrative distance (AD) values are used for OSPF, which administrative distance should the administrator manually assign to the backup static route?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 120

Answer

The administrator should assign an administrative distance higher than OSPF's default value of 110 (such as 120) to create a floating static route that only becomes active when the primary link fails.
To configure a floating static route that serves strictly as a backup path, the static route must be configured with an Administrative Distance (AD) higher than that of the primary dynamic routing protocol. Because OSPF has a default AD of 110, setting the static route's AD to a value such as 120 ensures that the router installs the OSPF route into the routing table during normal operation. The static route will only be installed into the routing table if the primary OSPF route becomes unavailable.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the Administrative Distance (AD) of the primary dynamic routing protocol.
OSPF has a standard default administrative distance of 110.
Administrative distance measures the trustworthiness of a routing information source, where lower values are preferred.
2
Determine the required behavior for a floating static backup route.
The static route must have a higher AD than the primary route so it remains inactive in the routing table while the primary route is available.
Routers select the route with the lowest AD when multiple routes to the same destination exist.
3
Select the AD value that satisfies the floating static route condition.
An AD of 120 is greater than 110, ensuring OSPF is preferred first and the static route acts as a secondary failover path.
Values equal to or less than 110 would cause the static route to be preferred or tied with the primary OSPF route.

Key Concept

Floating Static Routes and Administrative Distance Hierarchy
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 395Question

A network administrator is evaluating dynamic routing protocol characteristics for an enterprise LAN deployment. Which of the following operational features are specific to link-state routing protocols such as OSPF when compared to distance-vector routing protocols? (Select TWO.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Routers build and maintain a complete network topology map in a centralized or local Link-State Database (LSDB).; Routing update messages are triggered and flooded only when a state change occurs on a link.

Answer

Link-state protocols maintain a full network topology map in a Link-State Database (LSDB) and use event-driven triggered updates when link status changes occur.
Link-state protocols require routers to accumulate a complete view of the network topology inside a Link-State Database (LSDB) and use triggered LSA updates whenever network interface states change.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze link-state topology mapping.
Link-state routers collect Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) to build an identical map of the entire network area in their Link-State Database (LSDB).
This complete visibility allows the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to calculate optimal loop-free paths.
2
Evaluate routing update transmission methods.
Link-state protocols issue differential updates only when a link state changes, rather than continuously transmitting the entire routing table.
Triggered updates minimize unnecessary bandwidth consumption and speed up network convergence.

Key Concept

Link-State vs Distance-Vector Routing Protocol Characteristics
Question 396Question

A edge gateway router receives candidate routes from multiple routing sources for the destination network 172.16.10.0/24172.16.10.0/24. The available entries are:

- An OSPF route with an Administrative Distance of 110110 and a metric cost of 4545
- An iBGP route with an Administrative Distance of 200200 and a metric of 1010
- A floating static route configured with an Administrative Distance of 130130

Which route will the gateway router install into its active routing table for traffic destined to 172.16.10.0/24172.16.10.0/24?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The OSPF route, because its Administrative Distance of 110 is lower than both the floating static route and the iBGP route.

Answer

The OSPF route will be installed into the routing table because it has the lowest Administrative Distance (110) among the competing routes for the prefix 172.16.10.0/24.
When a router receives multiple routes for the exact same destination network prefix from different administrative sources, it evaluates Administrative Distance (AD) first. Lower AD values represent higher reliability. OSPF has an AD of 110, which is lower than the configured floating static route (130) and the iBGP route (200), so the router populates its routing table with the OSPF path.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate the prefix lengths of all candidate routes.
All three candidate routes refer to the exact same prefix length (/24).
Longest prefix match does not filter out any route here since all prefixes are identical.
2
Compare the Administrative Distance (AD) values of the candidate routes.
OSPF AD = 110, Floating Static AD = 130, iBGP AD = 200.
When identical networks are learned from different sources, the route with the lowest Administrative Distance is preferred.
3
Select the route with the lowest Administrative Distance for insertion into the routing table.
The OSPF route (AD 110) is chosen.
110 is less than 130 and 200, so the OSPF route is installed into the active forwarding database.

Key Concept

Administrative Distance Precedence in Route Selection
Estimated Time:1m 15s
Question 397Question

A network technician is setting up an automated boot-server infrastructure to distribute basic initialization configuration files to newly unboxed network switches across different subnets. The process relies on Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) for lightweight, connectionless file transfer. Which transport layer protocol and destination port number must be allowed through the intermediate firewalls to permit this traffic?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: UDP port 69

Answer

UDP port 69 is required for Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) communication.
The correct answer specifies UDP port 69. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simplified file transfer protocol that operates over UDP on standard destination port 69, making it ideal for low-overhead bootstrap file distribution to network devices.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the protocol requirements specified in the scenario.
The scenario requires configuring firewall rules for Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).
TFTP is a lightweight file transfer protocol frequently used for bootstrap file loading and network hardware firmware provisioning.
2
Determine the transport protocol and default port used by TFTP.
TFTP operates at the application layer and uses UDP at the transport layer on destination port 69.
Unlike standard FTP which uses TCP ports 20 and 21 for reliable connection-oriented transfer, TFTP is designed for simple, minimal overhead operations using connectionless UDP.

Key Concept

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Port and Transport Protocol
Question 398Question

A network administrator is organizing security auditing profiles and intermediate firewall access rules for essential enterprise infrastructure services. Match each network protocol on the left with its corresponding default port and transport layer protocol on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

NTP (Network Time Protocol)
IMAPS (Internet Message Access Protocol Secure)
Telnet
SMTPS (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Secure)

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

NTP matches with UDP 123; IMAPS matches with TCP 993; Telnet matches with TCP 23; SMTPS matches with TCP 465.
Each network service is matched directly to its official transport protocol and default listening port: NTP uses UDP 123, IMAPS uses TCP 993, Telnet uses TCP 23, and SMTPS uses TCP 465.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the transport protocol and default port for time synchronization services (NTP).
NTP operates over UDP port 123.
Time synchronization relies on low-latency, connectionless transmission over UDP 123.
2
Identify the transport protocol and default port for secure mailbox access (IMAPS).
IMAPS operates over TCP port 993.
Standard unencrypted IMAP uses TCP 143, whereas secure IMAPS wraps the session in TLS on TCP 993.
3
Identify the transport protocol and default port for unencrypted legacy command-line management (Telnet).
Telnet operates over TCP port 23.
Telnet establishes cleartext command-line communication using TCP port 23.
4
Identify the transport protocol and default port for secure mail submission (SMTPS).
SMTPS operates over TCP port 465.
Standard SMTP uses TCP 25, while implicit TLS-encrypted SMTPS uses TCP port 465.

Key Concept

Common Network Ports and Protocols
Question 399Question

A network administrator needs to assign static IP addresses to new servers on a subnet configured with the address block 172.16.40.128/26172.16.40.128/26. Which of the following IP addresses are valid usable host addresses within this subnet? (Select TWO.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 172.16.40.130; 172.16.40.189

Answer

The addresses 172.16.40.130 and 172.16.40.189 are valid usable host addresses within the 172.16.40.128/26 subnet.
For the subnet 172.16.40.128/26172.16.40.128/26, the host field contains 3226=632 - 26 = 6 bits, giving a block size of 26=642^6 = 64 addresses. The network identifier is 172.16.40.128172.16.40.128 and the broadcast address is 172.16.40.191172.16.40.191. Consequently, the assignable host range spans from 172.16.40.129172.16.40.129 to 172.16.40.190172.16.40.190. The values 172.16.40.130172.16.40.130 and 172.16.40.189172.16.40.189 fall squarely inside this valid usable range.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the subnet block size from the CIDR prefix /26.
A /26 prefix leaves 6 host bits (3226=632 - 26 = 6). The block size is 26=642^6 = 64 IP addresses.
Calculating the block size identifies the total number of IP addresses contained in the subnet.
2
Identify the network address and broadcast address for the 172.16.40.128 block.
The network address is 172.16.40.128. Adding the block size of 64 gives the next network boundary at 172.16.40.192, so the broadcast address is 172.16.40.191.
The first IP address in the block is reserved as the network identifier and the last IP address is reserved for directed broadcasts.
3
Determine the range of usable host IP addresses.
The usable host range is 172.16.40.129 through 172.16.40.190.
Subtracting 2 reserved addresses (network and broadcast) defines the assignable host IP boundaries.
4
Evaluate the choices against the calculated host range.
172.16.40.130 and 172.16.40.189 are within the range 172.16.40.129–172.16.40.190, whereas 172.16.40.128 is the network ID and 172.16.40.191 is the broadcast address.
Only IP addresses strictly located between the network ID and broadcast address can be assigned to host devices.

Key Concept

Usable IPv4 Host Range Calculation
Question 400Question

An enterprise network operating the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol experiences an unexpected fiber link failure between two core routers. Place the steps of the OSPF link-state convergence process in the correct chronological order from first event to final completion.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct order of OSPF convergence events is: 1) Physical or Hello failure detection, 2) Updated LSA creation, 3) LSA flooding across adjacent neighbors, 4) LSDB update on area routers, and 5) Dijkstra SPF algorithm execution to update the routing table.
The standard link-state convergence lifecycle follows a mandatory sequence: local link/keepalive failure detection occurs first, followed by new LSA generation, area-wide LSA flooding, LSDB database synchronization, and finally SPF (Dijkstra) calculation to compute new best routes.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial event triggering network convergence.
The local interface detects link loss or misses Hello packets, marking the neighbor or link down.
A router must detect a local state change before it can initiate topology updates.
2
Trace the creation and propagation of link-state information.
The detecting router generates a new LSA and floods it to adjacent OSPF neighbors via LSU packets.
OSPF requires reliable flooding so all routers in the area maintain an identical topology database.
3
Determine how receiving routers process the update and recalculate paths.
Neighboring routers update their LSDB and then execute the Dijkstra SPF algorithm to recalculate best routes for the routing table.
The SPF algorithm relies on an accurate LSDB input to compute valid shortest path trees.

Key Concept

OSPF Link-State Convergence Sequence
Estimated Time:1m 30s
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