Question

Difficulty: MediumVulnerability Assessment and Security Testing Methods

A lead security auditor is reviewing a security assessment proposal for a facility that manages sensitive operational technology (OT) and legacy SCADA devices. The assessment team initially proposes running high-intensity active vulnerability scans across all subnets to discover open ports, running services, and unpatched vulnerabilities. The lead auditor rejects this proposal due to the high risk of intrusive active probing crashing sensitive legacy controllers. Which security assessment method should the lead auditor recommend as the safest alternative to identify active hosts and services on the OT network without disrupting operational systems?

  1. Passive network traffic monitoringAnswer
  2. B
    Credentialed active vulnerability scanning
  3. C
    Inline honeypot deployment
  4. D
    Preventive host firewall implementation

Answer

Passive network traffic monitoring is the safest assessment method because it observes existing network traffic to discover active hosts and services without transmitting intrusive probes that could destabilize sensitive SCADA controllers.
Passive network traffic monitoring observes and analyzes existing network communication via SPAN ports or TAPs. Because it sends no traffic to the network, it eliminates the risk of disrupting sensitive, legacy, or real-time operational technology devices while still identifying active hosts, protocols, and potential configuration weaknesses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the operational constraints of the target environment.
Identified that legacy SCADA and OT systems cannot tolerate intrusive, high-intensity network traffic probing due to stability risks.
Legacy industrial control systems often lack robust network stacks and can crash when receiving unexpected or high-volume scan packets.
2
Evaluate assessment methodologies based on interaction level.
Selected non-intrusive monitoring over active scanning techniques.
Passive monitoring relies on listening to existing traffic via mirror/SPAN ports or network TAPs, generating zero additional network traffic.

Key Concept

Passive vs. Active Vulnerability Assessment
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