Question

In his 1884 treatise on Scandinavian linguistic influences in Early Middle English, philologist Erik Björkman examined the phonetic criteria for distinguishing Old Norse loanwords from native Old English cognates in the *Ormulum*, a late twelfth-century homiletic verse text. Björkman noted that while the sound shift $/sk/$ to $/ʃ/$ was universal in native Old English development, loanwords from Old Norse retained the unpalatalized $/sk/$ cluster. However, Björkman explicitly cautioned that the presence of an unpalatalized $/sk/$ in a text transcribed in the Danelaw region does not, in isolation, prove direct lexical borrowing from Scandinavian dialects; rather, it could reflect local Anglian dialectal retention where palatalization was phonetically delayed. Furthermore, Bj��rkman demonstrated that Scandinavian borrowings in the *Ormulum* were strictly restricted to nominal and verbal roots, whereas functional category items—specifically pronouns and prepositions—remained entirely derived from Old English syntax during this specific monastic scribe's period of composition, despite earlier assertions by contemporary philologists that Scandinavian pronouns had already permeated regional vernacular speech.

Based on the passage, which of the following statements regarding Björkman's analysis of the *Ormulum* is/are explicitly supported by the text? Select all that apply.