Question

Difficulty: EasyInferences and Implicit Meaning

In the mid-twentieth century, historical linguists studying the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family generally contended that Hittite, the best-attested Anatolian language, preserved the archaic morphological structure of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) far more faithfully than did sister branches such as Indo-Iranian or Greek. Under this traditional model, known as the Indo-Hittite hypothesis, Anatolian split off from the ancestral language tree prior to the divergence of all other branches, carrying with it earlier inflectional features that were subsequently lost elsewhere. However, recent reassessments of cuneiform tablets from Hattusa reveal that certain grammatical simplifications in Hittite—specifically, its reduced nominal case system and lack of feminine grammatical gender—do not necessarily reflect an earlier stage of PIE. Instead, comparative syntactic analyses suggest these simplifications arose locally within Anatolia as a consequence of extensive language contact and bilingualism between Hittite speakers and non-Indo-European Hattic populations over several centuries. Consequently, rather than serving as a pristine baseline for PIE reconstruction, Hittite morphology may actually exhibit structural innovations driven by sociolinguistic convergence.

Based on the passage, the author implies which of the following regarding the lack of feminine grammatical gender in Hittite?

  1. A
    It definitively proves that Proto-Indo-European lacked feminine grammatical gender entirely.
  2. B
    It was primarily preserved because Hittite speakers maintained strict isolation from Hattic populations.
  3. It may be the result of interaction with non-Indo-European languages rather than an inherited feature from Proto-Indo-European.Answer
  4. D
    It caused the eventual decline of non-Indo-European Hattic dialects in ancient Anatolia.
  5. E
    It demonstrates that mid-twentieth-century linguists completely ignored cuneiform tablet evidence.

Answer

The lack of feminine grammatical gender in Hittite may be the result of interaction with non-Indo-European languages rather than an inherited feature from Proto-Indo-European.
The passage states that recent reassessments show grammatical simplifications in Hittite, such as its lack of feminine gender, do not necessarily reflect an earlier stage of Proto-Indo-European, but rather arose from language contact and bilingualism with non-Indo-European Hattic populations. Therefore, the author implicitly supports the view that this grammatical feature was driven by contact with non-Indo-European languages rather than inherited from Proto-Indo-European.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the key details in the passage regarding Hittite's lack of feminine grammatical gender.
The passage explicitly pairs the lack of feminine grammatical gender with reduced nominal case systems as 'grammatical simplifications'.
Locating the specific reference in the text establishes what claims the author makes about this feature.
2
Analyze what the passage implies about the origin of these simplifications.
The author notes these features 'do not necessarily reflect an earlier stage of PIE' and instead 'arose locally within Anatolia as a consequence of extensive language contact and bilingualism between Hittite speakers and non-Indo-European Hattic populations'.
Connecting the evidence reveals the author's implicit argument regarding the source of the trait.
3
Evaluate the choices to find the statement supported by this implicit argument.
The statement asserting that the feature may result from interaction with non-Indo-European languages rather than inheritance from Proto-Indo-European accurately reflects the passage's implication.
This match represents a valid, restrained inference grounded strictly in the text.

Key Concept

Identifying implicit cause-effect relationships and author inferences from academic text.
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