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Difficulty: HardSentence Fragments, Run-Ons, and Comma Splices

Read the following excerpt from an essay on environmental policy:

"Recent econometric models suggest that carbon pricing mechanisms effectively curb industrial emissions, however, their implementation frequently encounters socio-political resistance in developing economies reliant on fossil-fuel infrastructure."

Which of the following revisions best corrects the sentence boundary error in the excerpt while maintaining formal academic tone?

  1. Recent econometric models suggest that carbon pricing mechanisms effectively curb industrial emissions; however, their implementation frequently encounters socio-political resistance in developing economies reliant on fossil-fuel infrastructure.Answer
  2. B
    Recent econometric models suggest that carbon pricing mechanisms effectively curb industrial emissions, furthermore, their implementation frequently encounters socio-political resistance in developing economies reliant on fossil-fuel infrastructure.
  3. C
    Although recent econometric models suggest that carbon pricing mechanisms effectively curb industrial emissions. However, their implementation frequently encounters socio-political resistance in developing economies reliant on fossil-fuel infrastructure.
  4. D
    Recent econometric models suggest that carbon pricing mechanisms effectively curb industrial emissions, implementation of these mechanisms frequently encounters socio-political resistance in developing economies reliant on fossil-fuel infrastructure.
  5. E
    Recent econometric models suggest that carbon pricing mechanisms effectively curb industrial emissions, this demonstrates that their implementation frequently encounters socio-political resistance in developing economies reliant on fossil-fuel infrastructure.

Answer

The revision that replaces the comma before 'however' with a semicolon correctly fixes the sentence boundary error while preserving the contrasting logical relationship between clauses.
The correct revision resolves the comma splice by placing a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb 'however'. When two independent clauses are connected by a conjunctive adverb, a semicolon (or period) is required to separate the clauses grammatically.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural boundary of the original sentence.
Identified two independent clauses ('Recent econometric models suggest...' and 'their implementation frequently encounters...') linked only by a comma and the conjunctive adverb 'however'.
Conjunctive adverbs cannot join two independent clauses with a comma alone; doing so produces a comma splice.
2
Evaluate punctuation strategies to fix comma splices containing conjunctive adverbs.
A semicolon preceding the conjunctive adverb (or separating the clauses into two sentences) correctly establishes clause boundaries.
Independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs require either a semicolon before the adverb or a full sentence stop.
3
Assess options for grammatical accuracy, logical coherence, and academic tone.
The revision using '; however,' maintains clause independence, correct punctuation mechanics, and accurate logical contrast.
This is the only choice that resolves the punctuation error without creating fragments or introducing new run-on structures.

Key Concept

Sentence Boundaries and Conjunction Mechanics with Conjunctive Adverbs
Estimated Time:1m 30s
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Topics

Sentence Fragments, Run-Ons, and Comma Splices

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