Question

Difficulty: MediumEven-Odd Properties and Sign Rules

If kk and mm are integers such that k<0<mk < 0 < m, (−1)k=−1(-1)^k = -1, and (−1)m=1(-1)^m = 1, which of the following expressions MUST be a negative odd integer?

  1. k−mk - mAnswer
  2. B
    k+mk + m
  3. C
    kmk m
  4. D
    m−km - k
  5. E
    k2−mk^2 - m

Answer

The expression k−mk - m MUST be a negative odd integer.
Given k<0<mk < 0 < m, kk is negative and mm is positive. The relation (−1)k=−1(-1)^k = -1 shows kk is odd, while (−1)m=1(-1)^m = 1 shows mm is even. Subtracting a positive even integer mm from a negative odd integer kk yields k−mk - m, which must be less than 0 (negative) and odd (odd minus even).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the parity and sign of kk
kk is a negative odd integer.
k<0k < 0 specifies that kk is negative, and (−1)k=−1(-1)^k = -1 implies that the exponent kk must be odd.
2
Determine the parity and sign of mm
mm is a positive even integer.
m>0m > 0 specifies that mm is positive, and (−1)m=1(-1)^m = 1 implies that the exponent mm must be even.
3
Evaluate the sign and parity of k−mk - m
k−mk - m is strictly negative and odd.
Since k<0k < 0 and m>0m > 0, k−m=k+(−m)<0k - m = k + (-m) < 0. By parity rules, odd−even=odd\text{odd} - \text{even} = \text{odd}.

Key Concept

Even-Odd Properties and Sign Rules
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