Question

Difficulty: EasyVocabulary and Word Meaning in Context

Read the passage excerpt below carefully:

"During the international summit, environmental experts assembled to deliberate on strategies for reducing urban pollution. The lead speaker warned against superficial measures that only conceal underlying problems rather than addressing root causes. Finally, the delegates resolved to sanction stringent penalties against companies that continue to breach safety standards."

Match each bolded word from the passage on the left with its precise contextual meaning on the right.

  • deliberate (in "deliberate on strategies")discuss or carefully consider options
  • superficial (in "superficial measures")shallow or lacking depth and thoroughness
  • sanction (in "sanction stringent penalties")authorize or impose official penalties

Answer

'deliberate' matches with 'discuss or carefully consider options', 'superficial' matches with 'shallow or lacking depth and thoroughness', and 'sanction' matches with 'authorize or impose official penalties'.
Each word is matched to its intended meaning within the passage context: 'deliberate' functions as a verb meaning to carefully discuss options; 'superficial' refers to surface-level or shallow actions contrasting with root causes; and 'sanction' signifies officially imposing penalties.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the context around 'deliberate'
The phrase 'assembled to deliberate on strategies' indicates a group action involving discussion and thoughtful consideration of plans.
Contextual clues reveal the verb form of 'deliberate' rather than its adjective form meaning intentional.
2
Analyze the context around 'superficial'
'Superficial measures that only conceal underlying problems' shows that the measures lack depth and fail to tackle core issues.
The sentence explicitly contrasts 'superficial' with 'addressing root causes'.
3
Analyze the context around 'sanction'
'Sanction stringent penalties against companies' means giving official approval to or enacting punishments.
Although 'sanction' can mean approval or prohibition depending on context, pairing it with 'penalties' makes its meaning clear as enacting or imposing punishment.

Key Concept

Determining word meaning through surrounding textual context
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