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Difficulty: EasyThe Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

At the official conclusion of the Nigerian Civil War in January 1970, the Federal Military Government declared the policy of 'No victor, no vanquished'. Which of the following post-war policy frameworks was introduced to rebuild national unity and infrastructure under this declaration?

  1. Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and ReintegrationAnswer
  2. B
    Commercialization, Privatization, and Deregulation
  3. C
    Devolution, Decentralization, and Confederation
  4. D
    Indigenization, Nationalization, and Commercialization

Answer

Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration
Following the formal surrender of Biafran forces in January 1970, General Yakubu Gowon declared 'No victor, no vanquished' and instituted the 3Rs policy—Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration. This program aimed to rebuild damaged infrastructure in war-affected areas, assist displaced citizens, and re-incorporate the Eastern population into the Nigerian federation without victimisation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical outcome at the end of the Nigerian Civil War
The Nigerian Civil War ended in January 1970 with the surrender of Biafran forces to the Federal Military Government.
Establishing the date and outcome of the conflict is essential for analyzing post-war state actions.
2
Recall the reconciliation stance adopted by General Yakubu Gowon
General Gowon proclaimed 'No victor, no vanquished' to promote national healing.
This declaration set the official policy stance aimed at avoiding retribution against the defeated Eastern Region.
3
Match the declaration to its corresponding policy framework
The program introduced was officially summarized as the '3Rs'—Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration.
These three pillars formed the cornerstone of Nigeria's 1970 national unity and recovery efforts.

Key Concept

The post-civil war reconciliation and recovery policy (3Rs) under General Yakubu Gowon.
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Topics

The Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

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