Question

Difficulty: MediumCommercial Banks: Functions, Services, and Credit Creation

Match each commercial banking regulatory tool or deposit mechanism on the left with its corresponding operational role in credit creation on the right.

  • Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)The statutory minimum fraction of deposits held with the Central Bank, setting the theoretical ceiling on loan expansion.
  • Derivative DepositA bank balance created directly when a commercial institution grants a credit facility to a borrower.
  • Liquidity RatioThe proportion of total assets required to be kept in near-cash form to satisfy daily customer cash withdrawals.
  • Primary DepositAn initial cash lodgment by a depositor that forms the reserve foundation for credit multiplication.

Answer

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) matches the statutory minimum fraction held with the Central Bank; Derivative Deposit matches the bank balance created through credit extension; Liquidity Ratio matches the asset proportion held in near-cash form for daily withdrawals; Primary Deposit matches the initial cash lodgment by a depositor.
Each concept accurately pairs with its function: Cash Reserve Ratio sets mandatory reserves at the central bank; derivative deposit reflects bank balances born out of credit creation; liquidity ratio enforces operational cash readiness; primary deposit supplies initial reserves.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Central Bank regulatory controls on commercial bank lending.
The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) dictates the non-loanable percentage of deposits, directly influencing the maximum potential credit creation.
A higher CRR reduces total loanable funds, whereas a lower CRR expands secondary credit generation.
2
Distinguish between original cash inflows and bank-generated deposits.
Primary deposits represent actual cash brought into banks by customers, while derivative deposits are secondary balances created when banks issue loans.
Commercial bank credit creation relies on transforming primary reserves into multiple derivative loan accounts.
3
Identify operational safeguards for solvency and daily customer demands.
The Liquidity Ratio mandates that banks retain enough liquid assets to honor daily cash withdrawals.
Maintaining adequate liquidity safeguards banks against systemic liquidity shortages during peak withdrawal periods.

Key Concept

Commercial Banking Deposit Types and Regulatory Constraints on Credit Creation
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