Question

Difficulty: MediumBarter System and Its Problems

In a moneyless economy, direct exchange of goods and services gives rise to several major transaction frictions. Match each specific limitation of the barter system on the left with the corresponding function of money on the right that resolves it.

  • Requirement for two trading partners to mutually desire each other's goodsMedium of exchange
  • Absence of a single pricing standard to express the relative worth of different commoditiesUnit of account
  • Inability to preserve wealth stored in perishable goods over time without deteriorationStore of value
  • Uncertainty and disagreement in settling credit obligations and future debts in physical goodsStandard of deferred payment

Answer

Mutual desire requirement corresponds to Medium of exchange; Absence of a single pricing standard corresponds to Unit of account; Inability to preserve wealth in perishable goods corresponds to Store of value; Uncertainty in credit obligations corresponds to Standard of deferred payment.
Each limitation of the barter economy directly corresponds to a specific primary or secondary function of money developed to overcome that transaction barrier: mutual desire requirements are solved by medium of exchange, price standard deficiencies by unit of account, perishability and savings barriers by store of value, and credit friction by standard of deferred payment.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the friction involving mutual desire between trading partners.
This defines the double coincidence of wants problem, which is solved by money acting as a medium of exchange.
Money decouples the buying act from the selling act, removing the need for simultaneous mutual demand.
2
Analyze the absence of a common pricing ratio across goods.
This describes the lack of a common measure of value, which is solved by money acting as a unit of account.
Money provides a common denominator for measuring and comparing the relative economic values of diverse goods and services.
3
Analyze the difficulty of storing perishable wealth.
This represents the lack of a store of value, which is solved by money's durability and liquidity.
Money allows economic agents to hold purchasing power for future use without loss from biological decay.
4
Analyze the problem of settling credit and future debt obligations.
This refers to the difficulty of making deferred payments, which is solved by money serving as a standard of deferred payment.
Money provides a universally accepted and stable medium for specifying future financial obligations.

Key Concept

Resolving Barter Limitations through Functions of Money
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