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13931 questions

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Question 3901Question →

Complete the following statement by identifying the correct sectors of production for each economic activity.

Fill in the blanks below

The extraction of crude oil from natural reserves represents the sector of production, whereas the processing of crude oil in a refinery to produce gasoline falls under the sector of production.

Show answer & explanation

Answer

blank_1: primary, blank_2: secondary

Extractive activities like mineral extraction and oil drilling obtain natural resources directly from the environment and form the primary sector. In contrast, manufacturing and processing activities, such as refining crude oil into fuel products, add utility by converting raw resources into finished goods, which forms the secondary sector.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the activity in the first blank: crude oil extraction.

Crude oil extraction involves obtaining raw, unrefined resources directly from nature.

Economic activities involving direct extraction or harvesting of natural resources belong to the primary sector of production.

Analyze the activity in the second blank: refining crude oil into gasoline.

Refining transforms raw crude oil into usable, processed products such as gasoline.

Economic activities that process, manufacture, or transform raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods belong to the secondary sector of production.

Key Concept

Primary vs. Secondary Sectors of Production

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3902Question →

Folake operates a retail textile store in Ibadan as a sole proprietor. Due to an economic downturn, the enterprise accumulates substantial debt owed to suppliers and defaults on repayment. When creditors file a suit to recover their funds, which of the following describes the legal liability position of Folake regarding these business debts?

Her personal assets can be attached and sold by creditors to settle the debt because the enterprise lacks a separate legal personality.

Her legal financial liability is restricted strictly to the amount of capital she originally invested in the store.

The creditors can only recover debt by liquidating the debentures and shares issued by the enterprise.

The debts are automatically written off upon closure because a sole proprietorship enjoys perpetual legal succession.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Her personal assets can be attached and sold by creditors to settle the debt because the enterprise lacks a separate legal personality.

Answer

Her personal assets can be attached and sold by creditors to settle the debt because the enterprise lacks a separate legal personality.

In a sole proprietorship, the owner and the business entity are legally one and the same. Because the firm lacks a separate legal personality, the owner faces unlimited liability, meaning personal assets (such as private savings or real estate) can be legally claimed by creditors if business assets are insufficient to settle outstanding debts.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the legal structure of the enterprise.

The business operates as a sole proprietorship.

The enterprise is owned and managed by a single individual without incorporation.

Determine the legal status and liability characteristic of a sole proprietorship.

The sole proprietor has unlimited liability and is not legally distinct from the business.

Under commercial law, an unincorporated business lacks a separate legal personality.

Apply the principle of unlimited liability to the debt recovery scenario.

Creditors have legal recourse to the owner's personal property if business capital is insufficient to cover liabilities.

Unlimited liability means the owner's personal wealth guarantees business debts.

Key Concept

Unlimited Liability and Legal Identity in Sole Proprietorship

Question 3903Question →

Read the prose extract below:

"Nkem adjusted his posture and smoothed his frayed collar as he approached the magistrate's table. Though his knees trembled beneath his trousers, he looked the magistrate directly in the eyes, cleared his throat, and spoke in a steady, measured voice that betrayed none of his inner anxiety."

Which technique of characterization does the author primarily employ to portray Nkem's courage?

Indirect characterization through physical actions and demeanor

Direct characterization through explicit narrative description of his character type

First-person narrative technique where Nkem speaks directly to the reader

Unwarranted character attribution based on external dialogue from other characters

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Indirect characterization through physical actions and demeanor

Answer

The correct answer is indirect characterization through physical actions and demeanor.

The passage presents Nkem's bravery and self-control through observable actions and physical gestures (adjusting posture, maintaining direct eye contact, and speaking in a measured voice) despite his internal fear. Demonstrating traits through physical behavior and demeanor rather than explicit narrative statements is the hallmark of indirect characterization.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze how information about the character is presented in the extract.

The narrator describes Nkem's physical gestures (smoothing his collar, eye contact, steadying his voice) without explicitly stating adjectives like 'brave' or 'courageous'.

Distinguishing between shown actions and told statements reveals the underlying technique of characterization.

Identify the literary technique corresponding to this presentation.

Conveying personality traits and inner states through outward behavior and action is the definition of indirect characterization.

Direct characterization relies on explicit statements by the narrator, whereas indirect characterization requires the reader to infer traits from actions, speech, and physical responses.

Key Concept

Indirect characterization in prose fiction

Question 3904Question →

Match each eye defect to its corresponding optical cause and method of vision correction.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Myopia corresponds to image formation in front of the retina (corrected with a concave lens); Hypermetropia corresponds to image formation behind the retina (corrected with a convex lens); Astigmatism corresponds to uneven corneal curvature (corrected with a cylindrical lens); Presbyopia corresponds to age-related loss of accommodation (corrected with bifocal lenses).

Each vision defect is matched precisely to its biological cause and optical correction method: Myopia with image in front of retina and concave lens, Hypermetropia with image behind retina and convex lens, Astigmatism with non-spherical cornea and cylindrical lens, and Presbyopia with age-related loss of accommodation and bifocal lenses.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the cause and corrective lens for Myopia.

Myopia causes light to focus in front of the retina due to excessive converging power or an elongated eyeball, requiring a concave (diverging) lens.

A concave lens diverges incoming light rays prior to entry into the eye so the focal point moves back to the retina.

Identify the cause and corrective lens for Hypermetropia.

Hypermetropia causes light to focus behind the retina due to insufficient converging power or a shortened eyeball, requiring a convex (converging) lens.

A convex lens provides extra converging power to bring the focal point forward onto the retina.

Identify the cause and corrective lens for Astigmatism.

Astigmatism arises from irregular corneal curvature, requiring a cylindrical lens.

Cylindrical lenses vary focal power along a specific axis to equalize uneven light refraction.

Identify the cause and corrective lens for Presbyopia.

Presbyopia is caused by loss of elasticity in the lens with age, requiring bifocal lenses.

Bifocal lenses provide dual correction zones for distance and near vision.

Key Concept

Vision Defects and Lens Corrections

Question 3905Question →

A sole proprietor borrows funds from a commercial bank to install automated processing machinery in a factory while personally making strategic operational decisions and bearing the uncertainty of market competition. Which economic return represents the specific reward accruing to the proprietor for organizing these resources and assuming the uninsurable business risk?

Interest

Profit

Rent

Wages

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Profit

Answer

The reward accruing to the proprietor for organizing resources and assuming business uncertainty is profit.

Enterprise is the factor of production that coordinates land, labour, and capital, while taking on ultimate risk and decision-making responsibility. The economic reward that accrues to enterprise for bearing non-insurable risks and driving innovation is profit.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the factor of production described in the scenario.

The proprietor performs administrative coordination, decision-making, and risk-bearing, which defines the Enterprise (or Entrepreneurship) factor of production.

Different factors of production perform distinct roles within a commercial enterprise.

Differentiate between the rewards of capital and enterprise.

Capital yields interest (which is paid on the borrowed bank funds), whereas enterprise earns profit (the residual return for risk-bearing).

Borrowed funds incur fixed financial returns (interest), whereas risk-taking yields variable residual returns.

Match the specific economic role to its corresponding reward.

The residual yield for organizing factors and bearing uninsurable business risks is profit.

In commercial economics, each factor receives a specific designated reward.

Key Concept

Rewards of Factors of Production

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3906Question →

Profit earned by an entrepreneur is a fixed contractual reward agreed upon prior to production, similar to wages paid to labour and interest paid on capital.

True

False

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

The statement is false. Profit is a residual, non-contractual reward that fluctuates based on business risk and market performance, unlike wages and interest which are predetermined contractual obligations.

The statement is false because profit is not a predetermined contractual cost. In economic terms, land, labour, and capital receive contractual rewards (rent, wages, and interest) that must be paid first. Enterprise receives profit as the residual income leftover after all operational costs are covered. Consequently, profit is uncertain and can be positive, zero, or negative.

Step-by-Step Solution

Differentiate between contractual factor rewards and residual factor rewards.

Rent, wages, and interest represent contractual payments negotiated and fixed prior to production, while profit represents a residual claim.

Owners of land, labour, and capital are entitled to their agreed payments regardless of the firm's profitability.

Examine the economic role and reward of enterprise.

The entrepreneur organizes production and bears operational risk, receiving whatever revenue remains after all factor costs are settled.

Because business turnover fluctuates with market conditions, the reward to enterprise cannot be fixed in advance and may result in a loss.

Key Concept

Nature of Profit as a Residual Reward for Enterprise

Question 3907Question →

Consider the following lines from a poem:

"A deafening silence filled the air,
Where shadow spoke and cold light bled."

Which figure of speech is exemplified by the phrase "deafening silence" in the extract above?

Oxymoron

Paradox

Hyperbole

Irony

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Oxymoron

Answer

The phrase employs an Oxymoron because it directly pairs two contradictory words ('deafening' and 'silence') side-by-side.

The term Oxymoron is correct because 'deafening' and 'silence' are antonymous terms juxtaposed directly to emphasize a sudden or heavy quiet atmosphere.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the components of the target phrase

The phrase 'deafening silence' consists of two adjacent words with directly opposite meanings: 'deafening' (extremely loud) and 'silence' (complete absence of sound).

Identifying word relationship is essential for classifying figures of speech.

Distinguish between oxymoron and paradox

An oxymoron is a compact figure of speech pairing two contradictory terms directly next to each other. A paradox, by contrast, is a full sentence or proposition that appears contradictory but reveals a deeper truth.

Preventing confusion between word-level contradiction and statement-level contradiction ensures accurate literary classification.

Key Concept

Oxymoron in Poetic Imagery

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3908Question →

A $10.00\text{ g}$ sample of impure hydrated iron(II) tetraoxosulfate(VI), $\text{FeSO}_4 \cdot 7\text{H}_2\text{O}$ , was dissolved in acidic medium and titrated against $0.050\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ potassium tetraoxomanganate(VII) solution. If exactly $40.00\text{ cm}^3$ of the $\text{KMnO}_4$ solution was required for complete oxidation of the $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ ions, what is the percentage purity of the hydrated salt sample? ( $[\text{H}=1,\text{ O}=16,\text{ S}=32,\text{ Fe}=56]$ )

$27.80\%

$15.20\%

$5.56\%

$5.60\%

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $27.80\%

Answer

The percentage purity of the hydrated salt sample is

27.80\%

The correct answer is

27.80\%

. Calculating the moles of potassium tetraoxomanganate(VII) used (

0.050 \times 0.04000 = 0.0020\text{ mol}

) and applying the redox stoichiometry ratio (

5\text{ Fe}^{2+} : 1\text{ MnO}_4^-

) gives

0.010\text{ mol}

of pure

\text{FeSO}_4 \cdot 7\text{H}_2\text{O}

. Multiplying by its molar mass (

278\text{ g mol}^{-1}

) gives

2.78\text{ g}

of pure salt, which represents

27.80\%

of the

10.00\text{ g}

impure sample.

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the moles of

\text{KMnO}_4

used in the titration.

\text{Moles of } \text{KMnO}_4 = \text{Molarity} \times \text{Volume in dm}^3 = 0.050\text{ mol dm}^{-3} \times \frac{40.00}{1000}\text{ dm}^3 = 0.0020\text{ mol}

Molarity and volume yield the amount of oxidizing agent delivered at the endpoint.

Determine the moles of

\text{Fe}^{2+}

(and thus pure

\text{FeSO}_4 \cdot 7\text{H}_2\text{O}

) present.

From the redox ionic equation

5\text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{MnO}_4^- + 8\text{H}^+ \rightarrow 5\text{Fe}^{3+} + \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4\text{H}_2\text{O}

, the mole ratio is

5\text{ mol Fe}^{2+} : 1\text{ mol MnO}_4^-

. Therefore,

\text{moles of Fe}^{2+} = 5 \times 0.0020\text{ mol} = 0.010\text{ mol}

Stoichiometry of the redox reaction establishes the mole relationship between reactant species.

Calculate the molar mass of hydrated iron(II) tetraoxosulfate(VI),

\text{FeSO}_4 \cdot 7\text{H}_2\text{O}

\text{Molar mass} = 56 + 32 + (4 \times 16) + 7 \times (2 \times 1 + 16) = 56 + 32 + 64 + 126 = 278\text{ g mol}^{-1}

The entire hydrated formula mass must be used to convert moles of pure salt to mass.

Calculate mass of pure hydrated salt and the percentage purity.

\text{Mass of pure salt} = 0.010\text{ mol} \times 278\text{ g mol}^{-1} = 2.78\text{ g}

\text{Percentage Purity} = \left( \frac{\text{Mass of Pure Salt}}{\text{Total Impure Sample Mass}} \right) \times 100\% = \left( \frac{2.78\text{ g}}{10.00\text{ g}} \right) \times 100\% = 27.80\%

Percentage purity expresses the mass fraction of pure compound relative to total sample mass.

Key Concept

Redox Titration Stoichiometry and Percentage Purity

Estimated Time:2m 30s

Question 3909Question →

A cashew processing factory in Enugu assigns separate groups of workers exclusively to cracking shells, peeling kernels, grading, and vacuum packaging. Although output per worker initially increased, management realizes that further division of operations is constrained because the seasonal supply of raw cashews limits total production volume. Which factor primarily restricts the further application of division of labour in this enterprise?

The extent of the market and raw material availability

The accumulation of internal diseconomies resulting from worker boredom and monotony

The absence of external economies of scale within the localized agricultural sector

The regression of the enterprise from indirect production back to direct subsistence production

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The extent of the market and raw material availability

Answer

The extent of the market and raw material availability

The correct answer correctly identifies that division of labour depends on the extent of the market and the volume of raw materials available. When supply or market demand is limited, further splitting tasks becomes economically unviable because workers cannot be kept continuously occupied on specialized micro-tasks.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the operational constraint described in the factory scenario.

The factory has implemented division of labour across specific tasks (cracking, peeling, grading, packaging), but cannot subdivide further due to limited seasonal supply.

Technical division of labour requires a sufficient scale of production to justify assigning workers to micro-tasks continuous over time.

Evaluate economic principles governing the limitations of specialization.

Adam Smith's principle states that division of labour is limited by the extent of the market and production volume.

When market size or raw input volume is inadequate, hyper-specialized workers remain idle, making further division inefficient.

Key Concept

Limitations of Division of Labour (Extent of the Market)

Estimated Time:1m 15s

Question 3910Question →

A mixture containing four organic compounds of varying polarities—Compound P (strongly polar), Compound Q (moderately polar), Compound S (weakly polar), and Compound R (non-polar)—is separated using paper chromatography with a polar stationary phase (water bound to cellulose) and a non-polar mobile phase solvent. What is the correct sequence of these compounds when arranged in order of increasing $R_f$ value (from smallest $R_f$ to largest $R_f$ )?

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Compound P (strongly polar) → Compound Q (moderately polar) → Compound S (weakly polar) → Compound R (non-polar)

In paper chromatography using a polar stationary phase and non-polar mobile phase, retention factor (

R_f

) is inversely related to solute polarity. The strongly polar compound (Compound P) binds most tightly to the polar water molecules on the paper, retarding its movement and giving it the smallest

R_f

value. As compound polarity decreases (Q → S → R), solubility in the non-polar mobile phase increases, allowing the solute to travel further toward the solvent front, resulting in progressively larger

R_f

values.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the stationary and mobile phase characteristics.

Stationary phase is polar (water on paper), and mobile phase is non-polar solvent.

Chromatographic separation depends on partitioning between polar and non-polar phases.

Determine phase affinities for each compound based on polarity.

Strongly polar compounds adsorb strongly onto the polar stationary phase, while non-polar compounds dissolve preferentially in the non-polar mobile phase.

'Like dissolves like' governs partitioning between stationary and mobile phases.

Relate distance traveled to Retention Factor (

R_f

R_f = \frac{\text{distance traveled by solute}}{\text{distance traveled by solvent front}}

. Solutes that travel further have larger

R_f

values.

Retention factor directly measures relative mobility.

Order compounds by increasing

R_f

value.

Compound P (lowest

R_f

) → Compound Q → Compound S → Compound R (highest

R_f

Increasing polarity corresponds to decreasing distance traveled in normal-phase paper chromatography.

Key Concept

Partitioning and Retention Factor (

R_f

) in Paper Chromatography

Question 3911Question →

Read the poetic excerpt below and complete the literary analysis statement by filling in the missing term.

Fill in the blanks below

Consider the following opening line from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem:

"O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,"

The speaker's direct address to the inanimate wind as if it were a conscious entity capable of listening is an example of .

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The literary device exemplified in the line is apostrophe.

Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent person, an abstract concept, or an inanimate object as though it were present and capable of understanding. The exclamation 'O' and the direct address 'thou' to the 'West Wind' make this a classic instance of apostrophe.

Step-by-Step Solution

Examine the line 'O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being' for direct speech directed at a non-human entity.

The poet uses an exclamatory invocation ('O') and second-person pronoun ('thou') to speak directly to the wind.

Directly addressing an inanimate object, an abstract idea, or an absent person is the defining structural pattern of apostrophe.

Distinguish between personification and apostrophe in this context.

While the wind is endowed with living qualities (breath of Autumn), the primary rhetorical device of speaking directly to it is apostrophe.

Personification attributes human qualities to non-human things, but apostrophe requires the speaker to address them directly as a listener.

Key Concept

Apostrophe as a Poetic Device

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3912Question →

Match each form or limitation of specialization in production with its corresponding economic description or operational characteristic.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Specialization by Process pairs with dividing manufacturing into distinct sequential operations. Territorial Specialization pairs with geographical concentration of an industry due to natural advantages. Specialization by Product pairs with concentrating entirely on manufacturing one finished commodity. Extent of the Market pairs with the factor constraining task subdivision based on consumer demand.

Each concept accurately aligns with its classical commercial definition: Specialization by Process divides manufacturing into sequential tasks; Territorial Specialization geographically clusters industries; Specialization by Product concentrates effort on complete goods; and Extent of the Market limits how far division of labour can be implemented based on purchasing demand.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the definition of process specialization.

Process specialization splits production into distinct sequential sub-tasks.

It operates along assembly or operational stages.

Identify territorial or localized specialization.

Territorial specialization relates to location-based industry concentration based on natural endowment.

Regions focus on goods where regional advantages lower production costs.

Identify product specialization and market extent limitation.

Product specialization targets complete single commodities, while market extent acts as the demand boundary limiting division of labour.

Adam Smith established that division of labour cannot expand beyond what effective market demand supports.

Key Concept

Forms and Limitations of Division of Labour and Specialization

Question 3913Question →

Which of the following financial transactions takes place exclusively within the secondary capital market?

A public limited company issuing new shares to the general public for the first time through a prospectus

An investor trading previously issued equity shares with another investor through a licensed broker on the stock exchange floor

The Central Bank issuing ninety-day Treasury bills to commercial banks during open market operations

A commercial bank granting a short-term overdraft facility to a commercial business customer

Show answer & explanation

Answer: An investor trading previously issued equity shares with another investor through a licensed broker on the stock exchange floor

Answer

An investor trading previously issued equity shares with another investor through a licensed broker on the stock exchange floor

The secondary capital market functions as a resale market for existing securities. Trading previously issued shares among investors through licensed stockbrokers on the stock exchange floor allows investors to liquidate or adjust their portfolios without affecting the original issuing company's share capital.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the defining characteristic of the secondary capital market

The secondary capital market provides liquidity by enabling the trading of existing (already issued) securities among investors.

Differentiating between the primary market (new issues) and the secondary market (existing issues) is essential to classify financial transactions.

Evaluate the given financial transactions against market definitions

First-time share offers represent the primary capital market. Treasury bills and overdrafts are money market instruments. Trading existing stocks on the exchange floor is the sole secondary market transaction.

Categorizing each option based on maturity period and issue stage confirms the correct secondary capital market activity.

Key Concept

Primary vs Secondary Capital Market Operations

Question 3914Question →

Which type of warehouse is specifically designed and licensed for storing imported goods on which customs duties have not yet been paid?

Bonded warehouse

Public warehouse

Private warehouse

Wholesaler's warehouse

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Bonded warehouse

Answer

Bonded warehouse

A bonded warehouse is a secure facility under customs authority supervision where imported goods are kept duty-free until customs duties are paid.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the stem requirement

The key criteria are imported goods and unpaid customs duties.

Warehouses serve distinct commercial and regulatory purposes based on ownership and customs status.

Identify the matching warehouse category

A bonded warehouse operates under government bond to store dutiable goods before duty payment.

This arrangement permits importers to defer payment until goods are released for local consumption or re-exported.

Key Concept

Warehousing Types - Bonded Warehouse

Question 3915Question →

A radioactive parent nucleus with an initial mass number of $226$ undergoes a natural decay sequence in which it emits $3$ $\alpha$ -particles and $2$ $\beta^-$ -particles. What is the mass number of the resulting daughter nucleus?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 214

Answer

The mass number of the resulting daughter nucleus is 214.

Emitting an

\alpha

-particle reduces the nuclear mass number

A

4

, while emitting a

\beta^-

-particle leaves the mass number unchanged. Emitting

3

\alpha

-particles reduces the mass number by

3 \times 4 = 12

. Subtracting

12

from the original mass number of

226

yields a final mass number of

214

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the mass number change caused by alpha and beta emissions.

Each alpha particle decreases the mass number by 4, while each beta particle causes no change in mass number.

An alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (mass number 4), whereas a beta particle is an electron with negligible mass in nucleon terms (mass number 0).

Calculate the total change in mass number.

Total mass number reduction = 3 * 4 = 12.

Three alpha particles are emitted in the decay sequence.

Calculate the mass number of the daughter nucleus.

Daughter mass number = 226 - 12 = 214.

Subtracting the total change in mass number from the original parent mass number.

Key Concept

Conservation of mass number in radioactive decay series

Question 3916Question →

The capital clause specifying the maximum amount of share capital a private limited company is authorized to issue is contained within its Articles of Association.

True

False

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

False. The maximum authorized share capital of a private limited company is stipulated in the Memorandum of Association, not the Articles of Association.

The statement is false because the capital clause, which specifies the maximum authorized (or nominal) share capital a company can issue, is legally mandated to be part of the Memorandum of Association. The Articles of Association only set out internal operational rules and regulations.

Step-by-Step Solution

Examine the legal role of the Memorandum of Association.

The Memorandum of Association defines the company's external constitution, legal name, registered office, objects, liability, and capital structure.

It acts as the external boundary specifying the powers and registered capacity of the business entity.

Examine the legal role of the Articles of Association.

The Articles of Association contain rules and regulations governing internal management, such as share transfer procedures, director duties, and meeting arrangements.

It serves as an internal contract between members and the company for administrative governance.

Evaluate the statement's accuracy.

The statement erroneously places the capital clause in the Articles of Association rather than the Memorandum of Association.

The limit of registered capital is a statutory fundamental clause belonging strictly in the Memorandum of Association.

Key Concept

Distinction between Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association regarding capital clause

Question 3917Question →

Which of the following salts dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution that turns red litmus paper blue?

Sodium trioxocarbonate(IV)

Ammonium chloride

Sodium chloride

Potassium tetraoxosulfate(VI)

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Sodium trioxocarbonate(IV)

Answer

Sodium trioxocarbonate(IV) forms an alkaline solution in water due to anion hydrolysis.

Sodium trioxocarbonate(IV) dissolves in water to form sodium ions and trioxocarbonate(IV) ions. Because trioxocarbonate(IV) is the conjugate base of a weak acid, it reacts with water to release hydroxide ions (

OH^-

), creating an alkaline solution that turns red litmus paper blue.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the parent acid and base for the salt.

Sodium trioxocarbonate(IV) (

Na_2CO_3

) is formed from sodium hydroxide (

NaOH

, a strong base) and carbonic acid (

H_2CO_3

, a weak acid).

The hydrolysis behavior of a salt is determined by the relative strengths of its parent acid and base.

Analyze the ion hydrolysis reaction.

The carbonate anion (

CO_3^{2-}

) reacts with water according to:

CO_3^{2-} + H_2O \rightleftharpoons HCO_3^- + OH^-

Anions derived from weak acids act as conjugate bases and hydrolyze in water to generate hydroxide ions (

OH^-

Determine the solution acidity/alkalinity and indicator response.

The production of excess

OH^-

ions makes the solution basic (

pH > 7

), causing red litmus paper to turn blue.

Alkaline solutions contain a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions, turning red litmus blue.

Key Concept

Salt Hydrolysis

Estimated Time:45s

Question 3918Question →

A student needs to separate a solid mixture of iodine crystals and sodium chloride. Which separation technique is most appropriate to isolate pure iodine from the mixture?

Sublimation

Fractional distillation

Magnetization

Centrifugation

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Sublimation

Answer

Sublimation is the correct separation technique.

Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through a liquid state. Since iodine readily sublimates when heated while sodium chloride does not, heating the mixture drives off iodine gas, which can then be collected as pure solid crystals on a cool surface.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the physical properties of the components in the mixture.

Iodine is a solid that readily sublimates (transitions directly from solid to gas) upon heating, while sodium chloride has a very high melting point and does not sublimate.

Choosing an effective separation method depends on exploiting a difference in physical properties between components.

Select the appropriate technique based on these properties.

Heating the mixture causes iodine to vaporize directly into gas, leaving sodium chloride behind.

Sublimation allows the selective phase transition of iodine.

Collect the purified component.

Condensing iodine vapor on a cold surface yields pure iodine crystals.

Deposition isolates pure solid iodine.

Key Concept

Separation of mixtures by sublimation

Estimated Time:45s

Question 3919Question →

Read the dramatic excerpt below:

BOMA: (Pausing near the doorway of the council hall, turning slightly toward the audience while the chiefs continue their heated debate in the background)
If they discover that I concealed the King's decree, my title will be stripped before sunset. But their ignorance remains my only shield.
(He quickly turns back to join the council meeting.)

Which dramatic convention is exemplified in Boma's speech to the audience?

An aside

A soliloquy

Dramatic irony

A tragic flaw

Show answer & explanation

Answer: An aside

Answer

An aside

An aside is a dramatic convention where a character speaks directly to the audience to express private thoughts or motives while other characters remain on stage, under the convention that the other characters cannot hear the speech. In the excerpt, Boma speaks directly to the audience while the chiefs continue debating in the background.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the stage directions and character context

Boma addresses the audience while other characters (the chiefs) are actively present on stage in the background.

Determining whether other characters are present on stage is essential to distinguishing between an aside and a soliloquy.

Identify the specific dramatic convention matching the definition

A brief speech spoken to the audience by a character while other characters on stage are presumed not to hear it is an aside.

This structural definition matches Boma's quick remark before returning to the group conversation.

Key Concept

Dramatic Conventions: Aside vs. Soliloquy

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3920Question →

A commercial factory building valued at $\text{N}15,000,000$ is insured against fire with two underwriters: $\text{N}6,000,000$ with Underwriter Alpha and $\text{N}4,000,000$ with Underwriter Beta. Both policies contain an average clause. If a fire outbreak causes a loss of $\text{N}4,500,000$ , how much compensation will Underwriter Alpha pay?

\text{N}1,800,000

\text{N}2,700,000

\text{N}2,250,000

\text{N}3,000,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $\text{N}1,800,000$

Answer

The compensation payable by Underwriter Alpha is

\text{N}1,800,000

Because the factory is under-insured (insured for

\text{N}10,000,000

out of its

\text{N}15,000,000

value) and the policies include an average clause, the policyholder acts as a co-insurer for the uninsured proportion (

33.33\%

). Each underwriter pays according to their proportion of the total property value:

\frac{\text{N}6,000,000}{\text{N}15,000,000} \times \text{N}4,500,000 = \text{N}1,800,000

Step-by-Step Solution

Determine if the property is under-insured

Total Sum Insured =

\text{N}6,000,000 + \text{N}4,000,000 = \text{N}10,000,000

. Actual Property Value =

\text{N}15,000,000

. Since Total Sum Insured < Actual Property Value, the property is under-insured and the average clause applies.

The average clause penalizes under-insurance by making the insured bear a proportionate share of any partial loss.

Apply the Average Clause formula for Underwriter Alpha

\text{Compensation from Alpha} = \left(\frac{\text{Sum Insured with Alpha}}{\text{Actual Property Value}}\right) \times \text{Actual Loss}

When an average clause is present, each insurer pays in proportion to the total value of the subject matter, not just the total sum insured.

Calculate the exact monetary payout

\text{Compensation from Alpha} = \left(\frac{\text{N}6,000,000}{\text{N}15,000,000}\right) \times \text{N}4,500,000 = 0.4 \times \text{N}4,500,000 = \text{N}1,800,000

Evaluating the mathematical expression yields the final compensation figure.

Key Concept

Average Clause and Under-insurance in Indemnity Policies

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