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13931 questions

Question 12501Question

The wood processing and plywood manufacturing industry in Sapele, Delta State, is a classic example of industrial siting in Nigeria. Which primary factor determined the location of this industry?

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Answer: Abundant supply of heavy hardwood timber from nearby rainforests

Answer

The primary factor determining the siting of the plywood manufacturing industry in Sapele is the abundant supply of heavy hardwood timber from the surrounding rainforests.
The correct answer highlights proximity to raw timber. Timber processing and plywood manufacturing are weight-losing industries. Because logs are bulky and heavy, processing facilities locate close to the rainforests of southern Nigeria (such as Sapele) to minimize high bulk-transport costs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nature of the industry and its primary raw materials.
Plywood and sawmill manufacturing requires heavy, bulky logs of hardwood timber.
Wood processing is a weight-losing manufacturing process.
2
Apply industrial location principles to weight-losing raw materials.
Industries using heavy weight-losing raw materials locate near the raw material source to cut transportation costs.
Transporting raw logs over long distances is significantly more expensive than transporting processed plywood.
3
Relate the geographic region of Sapele to Nigeria's vegetation and raw material distribution.
Sapele is located in the dense rainforest belt of southern Nigeria, rich in hardwood species like Mahogany and Iroko.
This spatial alignment establishes raw material proximity as the key location factor.

Key Concept

Raw material orientation in industrial location (Weight-losing industries)
Estimated Time:45s
Question 12502Question

Commercial cocoa production in Nigeria is heavily concentrated in southwestern states such as Ondo, Osun, and Oyo, but is virtually absent in northern states like Kano and Sokoto. Which of the following environmental factors is the primary reason for this spatial limitation?

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Answer: The high mean annual rainfall exceeding 1,500 mm and sustained high relative humidity required by cocoa trees are restricted to the southern rainforest belt.

Answer

Cocoa cultivation requires high mean annual rainfall (1,500–2,000 mm) and high relative humidity, environmental conditions characteristic of the humid tropical forest zone of southwestern Nigeria but lacking in the semi-arid northern savanna.
Cocoa is a humid tropical tree crop whose growth demands high annual rainfall (exceeding 1,500 mm) and elevated relative humidity. Southwestern states (Ondo, Osun, Oyo) lie within Nigeria's tropical rainforest belt where these moisture conditions prevail, whereas northern states (Kano, Sokoto) lie in semi-arid savanna zones with long dry seasons.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the crop and its ecological requirements
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a tropical tree cash crop requiring warm temperatures, high annual rainfall (>1,500 mm>1,500\text{ mm}), and high relative humidity.
Perennial tree crops of tropical origin cannot withstand prolonged severe moisture deficits or low atmospheric humidity.
2
Analyze the spatial climate gradient of Nigeria
Rainfall and relative humidity decrease along a south-to-north latitudinal gradient across Nigeria, moving from the rainforest belt in the south to the Sudan/Sahel savanna in the north.
The influence of the Tropical Maritime (mT) air mass weakens northwards, resulting in shorter rainy seasons and lower total precipitation in the north.
3
Evaluate the environmental constraint limiting northern cultivation
The long dry season (5–8 months) and low rainfall (<1,000 mm<1,000\text{ mm}) in northern states like Kano fail to satisfy cocoa moisture requirements.
Moisture availability during the growing season is the primary environmental determinant separating southern tree crop belts from northern grain/livestock belts.

Key Concept

Ecological Adaptation and Spatial Zonation of Nigerian Crops
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 12503Question

Match each African country listed on the left with its corresponding forestry feature or commercial timber characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Gabon
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of Congo
South Africa

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Gabon pairs with dominance in Okoumé timber export; Côte d'Ivoire pairs with forest depletion and log export bans; Democratic Republic of Congo pairs with vast rainforest reserves hindered by transport; South Africa pairs with reliance on exotic softwood plantations.
Each country aligns directly with its regional forestry status: Gabon specializes in Okoumé timber, Côte d'Ivoire instituted log export controls due to forest depletion, the Democratic Republic of Congo possesses extensive rainforest reserves limited by transport bottlenecks, and South Africa relies on commercial softwood plantations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary commercial timber species and industrial features associated with Central African forest nations.
Gabon is recognized for specialized Okoumé wood production, while the Democratic Republic of Congo has vast timber reserves whose development is slowed by inadequate transportation.
Forest composition and infrastructure dictate the commercial focus of lumbering in Central African countries.
2
Analyze environmental policy responses and forest management practices in West and Southern Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire responded to rapid forest loss by enforcing log export bans, whereas South Africa relies on planted softwoods outside the natural rainforest zone.
Depletion of natural forests leads to regulatory intervention, while drier or temperate zones rely on plantation silviculture.

Key Concept

Regional variations in timber production, forest resources, and forestry policies across Africa
Question 12504Question

Settlements established along the river channels and main creeks of the Niger Delta in southern Nigeria typically exhibit an elongated, ribbon-like spatial arrangement. Which of the following geographic factors primarily accounts for this settlement pattern?

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Answer: The availability of dry, elevated natural levees along water channels providing suitable building sites and river transport access

Answer

The availability of dry, elevated natural levees along water channels providing suitable building sites and river transport access
Linear settlements form along river channels in the Niger Delta because natural levees provide the only elevated, dry land suitable for building, while simultaneously giving inhabitants direct access to water transportation and fishing.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the settlement pattern described in the stem.
An elongated, ribbon-like spatial arrangement along water bodies corresponds to a linear settlement pattern.
Linear settlements develop along line features such as roads, railways, river banks, and coastal levees.
2
Analyze the environmental and socio-economic conditions of the Niger Delta.
The region consists largely of seasonally flooded wetlands, mangrove swamps, and river networks.
Dry land suitable for habitation is scarce and predominantly restricted to natural embankments (levees) formed along river channels.
3
Match the environmental constraint to the primary physical factor.
Natural levees provide dry ground elevated above floodwaters and offer direct access to riverine transportation.
This physical geographic constraint forces dwellings to line up continuously along the riverbank.

Key Concept

Linear Rural Settlement Morphology and Physical Factors in Nigeria
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 12505Question

Arrange the following sequential stages involved in the natural gas-based manufacturing of nitrogenous fertilizer in Nigeria's Niger Delta industrial region, from primary raw material extraction to final market distribution.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequence begins with the extraction and piping of natural gas from Niger Delta gas fields, followed by steam methane reforming to yield hydrogen gas, catalytic chemical reaction to synthesize ammonia and urea granules, and concluding with bagging and inter-regional distribution to agricultural zones.
Natural gas-based fertilizer plants (such as those in Port Harcourt/Eleme) follow a strict forward industrial value chain. Upstream gas extraction in the Niger Delta provides the essential hydrocarbon feedstock. Midstream processing uses steam methane reforming to isolate hydrogen, which is chemically combined with nitrogen to synthesize ammonia and granular urea. Downstream logistics complete the cycle by transporting finished fertilizer from coastal manufacturing points to inland agricultural belts.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary raw material location and upstream extraction stage.
Natural gas extraction in the Niger Delta is established as the starting point of the manufacturing chain.
Chemical manufacturing requires raw material input before processing can begin.
2
Trace the initial chemical transformation of raw methane into synthesis gases.
Desulfurization and steam methane reforming form the second stage.
Raw natural gas must be chemically processed to produce pure hydrogen before ammonia synthesis.
3
Identify the primary chemical manufacturing and synthesis stage.
Ammonia synthesis and subsequent urea granulation form the third stage.
Synthesis gas is reacted with nitrogen and carbon dioxide to create the final fertilizer compound.
4
Determine the downstream commercial and spatial distribution stage.
Bagging and freight transport to agricultural markets across Nigeria form the final stage.
Finished industrial goods are transported from coastal industrial plants to consumer markets.

Key Concept

Industrial value chain and resource-based manufacturing in Nigeria
Question 12506Question

A demographic survey in a rural farming district reveals that ongoing land degradation has forced working-age adults to move to coastal cities for employment, leaving behind mostly children and elderly residents. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the type of migration factor involved and its demographic impact on the rural source region?

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Answer: Land degradation acts as an environmental push factor, leading to an increase in the dependency ratio of the rural source region.

Answer

Land degradation acts as an environmental push factor, leading to an increase in the dependency ratio of the rural source region.
Negative environmental conditions such as land degradation at the origin are classified as push factors because they drive residents away. When young, economically active adults relocate, the remaining rural population consists disproportionately of dependents (children and the elderly), which increases the dependency ratio of the source community.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the migration force driving the movement
Land degradation is a negative condition at the place of origin, which constitutes a push factor.
Push factors are adverse conditions at the origin that compel people to leave, whereas pull factors are attractive conditions at the destination.
2
Analyze the demographic effect on the source region's age structure
The out-migration of working-age adults reduces the denominator (working population) relative to the numerator (dependents: children and elderly).
The dependency ratio is calculated as the non-working population divided by the working-age population multiplied by 100.
3
Synthesize the correct combined conclusion
The movement is driven by an environmental push factor and results in an elevated dependency ratio in the rural origin.
Matching both correct geographical classifications yields the true statement.

Key Concept

Migration Push and Pull Factors and Source Demographic Impacts
Estimated Time:1m 15s
Question 12507Question

Match each specific rationale for environmental management on the left with its corresponding ecological or socio-economic objective on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Preservation of Biodiversity
Prevention of Resource Depletion
Maintenance of Ecological Balance
Sustainable Resource Utilization

Matches

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Answer

Preservation of Biodiversity matches Safeguarding diverse gene pools and preventing species extinction; Prevention of Resource Depletion matches Managing finite non-renewable assets to prevent total exhaustion; Maintenance of Ecological Balance matches Ensuring biogeochemical cycles and predator-prey relationships remain uninterrupted; Sustainable Resource Utilization matches Exploiting renewable assets at rates that do not exceed their natural rate of regeneration.
Each conservation rationale matches a distinct ecological or socio-economic objective: biodiversity protection preserves genetic diversity and prevents species extinction, resource depletion management safeguards finite reserves, ecological balance maintains nutrient cycles and food webs, and sustainable utilization balances consumption rates with natural replacement rates.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core definition of preserving biological diversity.
Identify that species protection and genetic variation correspond directly to safeguarding gene pools and preventing extinction.
Biodiversity preservation specifically targets biological organisms and genetic resources.
2
Evaluate the objective of resource depletion prevention.
Link finite non-renewable reserves (such as minerals and fossil fuels) to managing consumption to prevent total exhaustion.
Depletion prevention is primarily concerned with finite stock resources that cannot naturally replenish on human timescales.
3
Determine the scope of ecological balance maintenance.
Connect systemic ecosystem stability to self-regulating biogeochemical cycles and trophic interactions.
Ecological balance depends on uninterrupted feedback loops between living organisms and their non-living environment.
4
Define sustainable resource utilization.
Match resource extraction rates with natural replenishment capacities.
Resource sustainability is defined by consuming natural yields without degrading the underlying reproductive capital.

Key Concept

Rationale and Fundamental Need for Environmental Conservation
Question 12508Question

Match each agricultural land use system on the left with its defining operational or spatial characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Ley Farming
Transhumance
Truck Farming
Shifting Cultivation

Matches

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Answer

Ley Farming matches with alternating arable crops with temporary pasture; Transhumance matches with seasonal migration between fixed highland and lowland pastures; Truck Farming matches with intensive commercial production of perishable garden crops for urban markets; Shifting Cultivation matches with rotational field cultivation with long natural fallow periods.
Each farming system is paired with its accurate economic and spatial attribute: Ley Farming incorporates temporary pastures into crop rotations; Transhumance involves seasonal vertical herd movements; Truck Farming is intensive commercial horticulture near cities; Shifting Cultivation rotates cleared plots with long natural fallow periods.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the operational mechanism of Ley Farming
Identify Ley Farming as a system incorporating temporary pasture phases into arable crop rotations.
This practice improves soil structure and nitrogen content while allowing livestock grazing.
2
Identify the movement pattern defining Transhumance
Associate Transhumance with regular, seasonal livestock movement between fixed relief zones.
Pastoral groups move herds up to highland pastures during warmer seasons and return to lowlands during cooler periods.
3
Examine the spatial and market orientation of Truck Farming
Recognize Truck Farming as intensive horticulture situated within rapid transport reach of urban markets.
High crop perishability necessitates location near urban demand nodes and specialized transport links.
4
Evaluate the land rotation dynamics of Shifting Cultivation
Link Shifting Cultivation to plot rotation involving clearing, brief cropping, and prolonged fallow intervals.
The system relies on forest fallow to restore depleted soil nutrient levels naturally before re-clearing.

Key Concept

Operational and Spatial Characteristics of Agricultural Systems
Question 12509Question

At a weather station in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, the maximum thermometer recorded a temperature of 33.0C33.0^\circ\text{C} during the day, and the minimum thermometer recorded 21.0C21.0^\circ\text{C} at night. What is the diurnal temperature range in degrees Celsius (C^\circ\text{C}) recorded for that day?

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Answer: 12

Answer

The diurnal temperature range recorded for the day is 12.0C12.0^\circ\text{C}.
The diurnal temperature range is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures recorded within a single 24-hour day. Subtracting 21.0C21.0^\circ\text{C} from 33.0C33.0^\circ\text{C} yields 12.0C12.0^\circ\text{C}.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Extract the given maximum and minimum temperature values from the problem statement.
Maximum temperature = 33.0C33.0^\circ\text{C}, Minimum temperature = 21.0C21.0^\circ\text{C}.
Diurnal range requires the daily maximum and minimum readings.
2
Apply the diurnal temperature range formula.
Diurnal Range=Maximum TemperatureMinimum Temperature\text{Diurnal Range} = \text{Maximum Temperature} - \text{Minimum Temperature}.
The diurnal range represents the total temperature variation experienced within a 24-hour period.
3
Perform the subtraction.
33.0C21.0C=12.0C33.0^\circ\text{C} - 21.0^\circ\text{C} = 12.0^\circ\text{C}.
Subtracting the minimum temperature from the maximum temperature gives the numeric difference.

Key Concept

Diurnal Temperature Range Calculation
Question 12510Question

In sub-Saharan Africa, recurring severe droughts and agricultural land degradation force rural farming communities to abandon their villages in search of livelihood opportunities elsewhere. Which migration factor best categorizes these unfavorable environmental conditions at the origin area?

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Answer: Push factor

Answer

Push factor
Push factors refer to negative or unfavorable conditions at an origin location—such as drought, crop failure, or lack of jobs—that compel individuals to emigrate. Drought and land degradation are classic push factors.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the conditions described in the stem.
Droughts and land degradation are adverse environmental conditions existing at the place of origin.
Identifying whether the factor operates at the origin or destination is essential for migration classification.
2
Classify the environmental drivers into demographic migration categories.
Conditions that compel people to leave an area are classified as push factors.
Push factors drive migrants away from their origin, whereas pull factors attract migrants to a destination.

Key Concept

Migration Push and Pull Factors
Estimated Time:45s
Question 12511Question

Match each major agricultural system listed in Column A with its defining operational, economic, or spatial characteristic in Column B.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Bush Fallowing (Shifting Cultivation)
Mediterranean Agriculture
Commercial Grain Farming
Market Gardening (Truck Farming)

Matches

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Answer

Bush Fallowing matches field-rotation fertility regeneration; Mediterranean Agriculture matches dual viticulture, orchard, and winter crop integration; Commercial Grain Farming matches extensive mechanized monoculture on temperate plains; Market Gardening matches intensive perishable crop production near urban zones.
Each agricultural system is accurately paired with its primary operational mechanism: Bush Fallowing relies on natural fertility restoration via extended fallow periods; Mediterranean Agriculture integrates orchard crops, winter cereals, and transhumance; Commercial Grain Farming operates as extensive mechanized monoculture on temperate plains; and Market Gardening functions as intensive perishable crop cultivation situated near major consumer markets.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the spatial and ecological parameters of Bush Fallowing.
Identify that field rotation and long fallow intervals are essential for natural soil nutrient restoration, aligning with low population density environments.
Bush fallowing uses land rotation rather than crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
2
Evaluate the climatic adaptation of Mediterranean Agriculture.
Recognize the combination of viticulture, citrus production, winter cereal cultivation, and seasonal livestock movement (transhumance).
The Mediterranean climate's winter rain and summer drought dictate a dual agro-pastoral structure.
3
Assess the economic structure of Commercial Grain Farming.
Link large farm sizes and high mechanization in temperate grasslands to high output per worker and lower per-area yield.
Extensive farming prioritizes total efficiency across vast land tracts rather than yield maximization per hectare.
4
Examine the spatial location logic of Market Gardening.
Connect land-use intensity and proximity to urban markets with the production of perishable, high-value vegetables and fruits.
High transportation costs for perishable goods require siting close to urban demand nodes according to bid-rent land principles.

Key Concept

Classification and spatial-economic characteristics of global agricultural systems
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 12512Question

Fill in the blank to complete the statement regarding global environmental protection initiatives:

Fill in the blanks below

The global treaty designed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival is known as .
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Answer

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments designed to safeguard wild animals and plants against over-exploitation resulting from international trade.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary objective described in the text: regulating international trade in wild animal and plant specimens to prevent endangerment.
The agreement that matches this objective is CITES.
CITES was drafted in 1973 to protect wild species from over-exploitation driven by international commercial trade.

Key Concept

CITES and Global Wildlife Protection
Question 12513Question

In southeastern Nigeria, heavy equatorial rainfall acting on deeply weathered, leached Ferrallitic soils frequently triggers catastrophic gully erosion following vegetation removal. Which of the following soil conservation strategies is most suitable for halting active gully extension and re-stabilizing these degraded slopes?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Establishing tree plantations and constructing structural check dams along gully channels

Answer

Establishing tree plantations and constructing structural check dams along gully channels
Establishing tree cover (afforestation) anchors loose, deeply weathered Ferrallitic subsoils with root networks and intercepts heavy rainfall, while check dams physically obstruct channelized runoff, reducing its scouring energy and trapping eroded sediment to heal active gullies.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary cause of severe gully degradation on Ferrallitic soils in southeastern Nigeria
Gully erosion is driven by intense rainfall runoff scouring highly leached, unconsolidated sandy-clay soils after forest clearance.
Understanding the physical mechanics of water erosion isolates the necessary intervention.
2
Evaluate conservation measures that directly counteract runoff velocity and soil detachment
Tree roots bind vulnerable subsoil layers, while physical check dams slow down torrent flow, trapping suspended sediments inside the gully channel.
Revegetation combined with mechanical barriers provides immediate and long-term stabilization.

Key Concept

Soil Conservation Measures for Gully Erosion in Nigeria
Question 12514Question

Match each rock specimen in Column A with its corresponding formation process and distinct characteristic or economic utility in Column B.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Pegmatite
Travertine
Hornfels
Bituminous Coal

Matches

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Answer

Pegmatite matches with the extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock enriched in rare minerals; Travertine matches with the chemically precipitated sedimentary rock formed by rapid calcium carbonate deposition; Hornfels matches with the non-foliated metamorphic rock formed through contact metamorphism; Bituminous Coal matches with the organically formed sedimentary rock derived from accumulated plant debris.
Each rock specimen is correctly matched to its distinct genesis: Pegmatite represents intrusive igneous crystallization with oversized crystals, Travertine represents chemical sedimentary carbonate precipitation, Hornfels represents thermal contact metamorphism, and Bituminous Coal represents organic sedimentary compaction of carbon-rich plant material.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the formation process of Pegmatite
Pegmatite forms from slow cooling of mineral-rich magmatic fluids, resulting in huge interlocking crystals containing rare elements.
This places Pegmatite squarely under intrusive igneous rock genesis.
2
Analyze the formation process of Travertine
Travertine precipitates directly out of solution where groundwater rich in dissolved bicarbonate emerges at springs or in caves.
This classifies Travertine as a chemical sedimentary rock.
3
Analyze the formation process of Hornfels
Hornfels forms when existing rock is baked by local magmatic heat without intense directional pressure.
This identifies Hornfels as a product of thermal contact metamorphism.
4
Analyze the formation process of Bituminous Coal
Bituminous coal develops from peat deposited in ancient swamp environments subjected to deep burial and compaction over geological time.
This categorizes Bituminous Coal as an organic sedimentary rock.

Key Concept

Rock Types, Genesis, and Economic Characteristics
Question 12515Question

In the Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria, agricultural productivity on Ferruginous tropical soils derived from crystalline Basement Complex rocks is severely constrained by the seasonal formation of an indurated subsurface iron hardpan. Which soil management strategy is most effective for mitigating surface runoff erosion and restoring soil physical structure in this environment?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Deep subsoiling combined with contour bunding and cover cropping

Answer

Deep subsoiling combined with contour bunding and cover cropping is the most effective management strategy for Ferruginous tropical soils with subsurface iron hardpans.
The correct strategy uses deep subsoiling to mechanically rupture the rigid subsurface iron hardpan (plinthite), allowing rainwater penetration and deeper root growth. Pairing this with contour bunding retards runoff along savanna slopes, while cover crops prevent rain-impact crusting and replenish soil organic matter.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the soil characteristics and pedological constraints
Ferruginous tropical soils in Nigeria's Guinea Savanna have rich iron content that hardens into an impermeable subsurface plinthite layer (hardpan) during marked dry seasons.
Understanding the physical barrier created by hardpan formation is essential for selecting appropriate soil conservation techniques.
2
Evaluate mechanical and biological conservation options suitable for this soil group
Mechanical subsoiling breaks the dense subsurface layer to allow root penetration and water infiltration, while contour bunds prevent slope wash and cover crops reduce surface crusting.
Combining mechanical disruption of the hardpan with surface water management provides a complete soil conservation solution.

Key Concept

Ferruginous Tropical Soil Characteristics and Conservation in Nigeria
Question 12516Question

In an arid environment, wind deflation selectively removes loose, fine-grained sediments until a continuous armor of polished, coarse pebbles covers the desert floor. In contrast, in areas where wind abrasion attacks alternating horizontal strata of hard and soft rocks near the surface, deep parallel furrows are gouged out, leaving standing ridges of resistant rock. Which pair of aeolian features describes these respective erosion landforms?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Desert pavement and yardangs

Answer

The combination of desert pavement and yardangs correctly identifies the described aeolian erosional features.
Desert pavement is formed when wind deflation carries away fine sand and silt, leaving a concentrated layer of heavy pebbles on the desert surface. Yardangs are elongated, steep-sided ridges carved out by wind abrasion operating on alternating belts of hard and soft rocks aligned parallel to the prevailing wind direction.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the first process and landform described in the stem.
The selective removal of fine particles by wind deflation leaving coarse pebbles creates a desert pavement (also known as reg or hamada lag deposit).
Wind deflation removes sand and dust, concentrating larger pebbles into an armoring surface layer.
2
Identify the second process and landform described in the stem.
Differential wind abrasion carving out soft rock strata to leave prominent parallel ridges forms yardangs.
Abrasion by wind-blown sand carves out linear furrows in soft rock, leaving ridges aligned parallel to the prevailing wind direction.
3
Compare candidate options to eliminate features formed by other geomorphic agents.
Options featuring oxbow lakes, river terraces, or scree slopes belong to fluvial action or mass wasting, leaving desert pavement and yardangs as the only valid aeolian landforms.
Ensures precise attribution to wind action rather than running water or mass movement under gravity.

Key Concept

Aeolian Erosional Landforms and Mechanics
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 12517Question

Which of the following tree species harvested from the West African tropical rainforest is classified as a commercial tropical hardwood?

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Answer: Obeche

Answer

Obeche is a commercial tropical hardwood species harvested from West African rainforests.
Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) is a widely harvested tropical hardwood tree species native to the rainforest zones of West and Central Africa.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the forest zone and commercial timber category.
Tropical rainforests of West Africa primarily produce broad-leaved tropical hardwoods.
Equatorial climatic conditions favor dense hardwood timber species over temperate softwood conifers.
2
Evaluate the given timber species options.
Obeche is a broad-leaved hardwood tree native to the African rainforest belt, whereas Pine, Fir, and Spruce are coniferous softwoods.
Obeche is commercially extracted for timber in West African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Ivory Coast.

Key Concept

Classification of African Commercial Timber Species
Estimated Time:45s
Question 12518Question

Arrange the following Nigerian states in ascending order of their average population density, from the state with the lowest population density to the state with the highest population density:

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequence from lowest to highest population density is Niger State, Kaduna State, Anambra State, and Lagos State.
Population density in Nigeria increases from the sparsely populated Middle Belt (Niger State) to the moderately populated northern savanna transition zone (Kaduna State), followed by the highly dense South-Eastern agricultural-commercial belt (Anambra State), and culminates in the ultra-dense coastal urban agglomeration of Lagos State.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the low-density belt state
Niger State belongs to the sparsely populated Middle Belt region, where large land area and historical/physical factors keep population density below 60 persons per square kilometer.
Sparsely populated regions form the baseline for ascending order.
2
Identify the moderate-density belt state
Kaduna State lies in the north-central savanna transition zone with moderate agricultural population density around 120 to 180 persons per square kilometer.
Moderate density areas exceed Middle Belt densities but remain far lower than southern high-density belts.
3
Identify the high rural-urban density belt state
Anambra State is part of the extremely dense South-Eastern belt, where high indigenous population and dense commercial settlements result in over 850 persons per square kilometer.
South-Eastern agricultural and commercial zones rank higher than northern savanna zones in density.
4
Identify the highest density state
Lagos State has Nigeria's smallest land area combined with an immense metropolitan population, creating an extreme density of over 2,500 persons per square kilometer.
Extreme urban concentration makes Lagos State the most densely populated state in Nigeria.

Key Concept

Spatial variations of population density belts across Nigeria
Question 12519Question

On a topographical map, a river flows along a valley floor where contour lines form distinct V-shapes. If the apexes of these V-shaped contours point toward the northeast as elevation increases from 200 m200\text{ m} to 500 m500\text{ m}, in which direction is the river flowing?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Southwest

Answer

The river flows toward the southwest.
Contour lines crossing a river valley bend into a 'V' shape pointing upstream toward higher elevation. Because the V-shapes point northeast toward the 500 m500\text{ m} contour, the stream originates from the northeast and flows downhill toward the lower 200 m200\text{ m} elevation in the southwest.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the rule governing V-shaped contour lines in river valleys.
V-shaped contour lines always point upstream toward higher elevation (the source of the stream).
Water flows downhill due to gravity, from higher elevation to lower elevation.
2
Determine the orientation of higher and lower elevations based on the given contour values.
Higher ground (500 m500\text{ m}) is in the northeast, and lower ground (200 m200\text{ m}) is in the southwest.
The prompt states that the apexes point northeast as elevation increases to 500 m500\text{ m}.
3
Deduce the flow direction of the river.
The river flows from northeast (500 m500\text{ m}) down toward southwest (200 m200\text{ m}).
River flow is always from higher contour elevation to lower contour elevation.

Key Concept

V-shaped contour interpretation and river flow direction
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 12520Question

Pastoral nomadism in the Sahel region of Africa is characterized by transhumance, where herders move their livestock between distinct ecological zones throughout the year. Which of the following environmental factors primarily drives this seasonal migration pattern?

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Answer: The seasonal movement of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD), which dictates rainfall distribution and pasture availability across Sahelian vegetation belts.

Answer

The seasonal movement of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD), which dictates rainfall distribution and pasture availability across Sahelian vegetation belts.
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock between pastures. In the Sahel region of Africa, rainfall is controlled by the northward and southward migration of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD). During the dry season, herders move south toward river valleys and southern savanna belts to secure water and forage; during the wet season, they retreat north to feed on short-lived desert grasses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the agricultural system and region in question.
The question targets pastoral nomadism and transhumance in the Sahel region of Africa.
Understanding the ecological characteristics of the Sahel is necessary to evaluate herding practices.
2
Analyze the environmental mechanism regulating seasonal weather and vegetation in the Sahel.
The movement of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) brings moist maritime air masses from the south during summer and dry continental air masses (Harmattan) from the Sahara during winter.
This climatic oscillation dictates when and where natural pasture and surface water are available, compelling herders to migrate north in the wet season and south in the dry season.

Key Concept

Transhumance and Climatic Control of Pastoral Nomadism in Africa
Estimated Time:1m 0s
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