Consider the following argument:
Paleoanthropologist: Excavators at the cave site argue that the discovery of micro-incised bone tubes demonstrates that Upper Paleolithic hominins developed formal musical notation systems. However, this interpretation is unwarranted. Micro-computed tomography reveals that the incisions exhibit irregular spacing and microscopic striations identical to butchery-tool deflection marks rather than intentional measuring increments. Furthermore, while the hollowed bones could conceivably produce resonant acoustic frequencies when blown into, any slender, naturally marrow-hollowed avian ulna produces acoustic resonance regardless of whether it was intentionally shaped as an instrument. Thus, the artifacts provide no compelling evidence of symbolic or musical culture.
Match each statement from the argument on the left with its precise argumentative role or method of reasoning on the right.
- Upper Paleolithic hominins developed formal musical notation systems.A claim advanced by opposing researchers that the author's argument is designed to discredit.
- Micro-computed tomography reveals that the incisions exhibit irregular spacing and microscopic striations identical to butchery-tool deflection marks rather than intentional measuring increments.Direct empirical evidence introduced to refute an interpretation of deliberate physical modification.
- Any slender, naturally marrow-hollowed avian ulna produces acoustic resonance regardless of whether it was intentionally shaped as an instrument.A general physical principle invoked to show that a salient observed property does not require intentional human design.
- The artifacts provide no compelling evidence of symbolic or musical culture.The main conclusion of the argument, which rejects the broader cultural inference drawn from the artifacts.