Question

Difficulty: EasyExplicit Detail and Information Retrieval

Consider the following passage:

In nineteenth-century comparative linguistics, researchers sought to explain systematic phonological shifts across Indo-European languages. In 1822, Jacob Grimm formulated Grimm’s Law, which established that Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops systematically shifted to voiceless fricatives in Proto-Germanic. However, several apparent anomalies resisted Grimm's formulation. In 1875, Danish linguist Karl Verner resolved these discrepancies by demonstrating that voiceless stops instead became voiced fricatives whenever the original accent fell on a subsequent syllable, a phenomenon termed Verner’s Law. Later, in 1879, Ferdinand de Saussure published a groundbreaking treatise positing 'sonant coefficients'—unattested theoretical consonants that accounted for irregular vowel alternations across daughter languages, later confirmed by the discovery of Hittite laryngeals.

Match each historical linguist with the specific phonological finding or theoretical contribution explicitly attributed to them in the passage.

  • Jacob GrimmEstablished the systematic shift of Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives
  • Karl VernerDemonstrated that accent placement determines whether voiceless stops shift to voiced fricatives
  • Ferdinand de SaussureHypothesized theoretical consonants to explain irregular vowel alternations

Answer

Jacob Grimm matches the systematic shift of voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives; Karl Verner matches the role of syllable accent placement in producing voiced fricatives; Ferdinand de Saussure matches the proposal of theoretical consonants to explain vowel alternations.
Each historical linguist is paired with their directly stated discovery in the text: Jacob Grimm formulated the systematic shift from voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives, Karl Verner demonstrated the accent-conditioned shift to voiced fricatives, and Ferdinand de Saussure posited unattested theoretical consonants to account for vowel alternations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Locate the explicit discussion of Jacob Grimm in the passage.
The text states that Grimm established that Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops shifted to voiceless fricatives in Proto-Germanic.
This directly identifies the specific finding attributed to Grimm.
2
Locate the explicit discussion of Karl Verner in the passage.
The text states that Verner resolved anomalies by demonstrating that voiceless stops shifted to voiced fricatives when the original accent followed the consonant.
This establishes the exact condition and phonological outcome identified by Verner.
3
Locate the explicit discussion of Ferdinand de Saussure in the passage.
The text states that Saussure posited theoretical consonants ('sonant coefficients') to account for irregular vowel alternations.
This confirms the explicit theoretical contribution credited to Saussure.

Key Concept

Direct retrieval and accurate matching of explicitly stated factual details and attributions from an academic text.
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