Question

Difficulty: MediumUnderlying Assumptions

Read the following passage:

In recent experiments, cognitive biologists observed that Western scrub jays will retrieve and re-hide their food caches if they were watched by a dominant competitor during the initial caching process. Because the jays alter their caching strategy exclusively in response to being observed by a potential thief, the researchers concluded that these birds possess a 'theory of mind'—the advanced cognitive capacity to attribute mental states, such as knowledge and intentions, to others.

Evaluate the following statement based on the passage:

The researchers' conclusion logically depends on the assumption that the jays' re-caching behavior cannot be adequately explained by simpler associative learning mechanisms, such as a conditioned stress response triggered by the presence of a dominant competitor.

Answer: Answer

Answer

True
The statement correctly identifies a 'defender' assumption. By concluding that a complex cognitive function is the definitive cause of the observed behavior, the researchers' argument inherently relies on the assumption that simpler causes do not adequately explain it. If simpler mechanisms were sufficient, the conclusion would be unsupported.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structure of the researchers' argument in the passage.
Premise: Jays alter their caching behavior when observed by a competitor. Conclusion: Jays possess a theory of mind.
Identifying the core premise and conclusion is essential for spotting logical gaps that must be bridged by assumptions.
2
Identify the logical leap between the premise and the conclusion.
The argument jumps from a specific observed behavior to a highly complex, specific cognitive explanation, ignoring other possible causes.
Underlying assumptions often serve to bridge the gap between evidence and conclusion, or to defend the conclusion against alternative interpretations.
3
Apply the negation test to the proposed assumption in the statement.
If we negate the statement (meaning simpler associative learning mechanisms CAN adequately explain the behavior), the researchers' conclusion that the behavior proves a theory of mind is severely undermined.
A statement is a logically necessary assumption if its negation destroys or severely weakens the author's argument.

Key Concept

Identifying necessary underlying assumptions (Defender Assumptions) in arguments.
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