Question

Read the following passage regarding linguistic theories.

In the mid-twentieth century, the principle of linguistic relativity—often termed the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis—posited that the structure of a language profoundly affects its speakers' worldview. In its strongest formulation, this theory maintained that linguistic constraints strictly dictate cognitive boundaries, suggesting that individuals cannot conceptualize what their language lacks the vocabulary to name.

The subsequent cognitive revolution, championed by universalist linguists, largely marginalized this deterministic view. These proponents argued that all human languages are underpinned by a biologically hardwired, innate universal grammar. From this perspective, surface-level linguistic variations are superficial, and core human cognition operates independently of specific language structures.

More recently, a revival termed 'Neo-Whorfianism' has emerged. Eschewing the strong determinism of the past, these researchers utilize rigorous empirical testing to demonstrate that linguistic habits can subtly shape specific cognitive processes. For instance, modern studies reveal that speakers of languages utilizing absolute spatial frames of reference perform non-linguistic navigation tasks differently than speakers of languages relying on relative directions.

Based on the passage above, match each theoretical statement to the intellectual school it is attributed to. You must also successfully identify the one statement that is NOT mentioned in the text.