Question

Difficulty: HardFunction of Detail in Context

Read the following excerpt from an essay on evolutionary biology:

In mid-twentieth-century evolutionary biology, orthodox modern synthesis models held that phenotypic variations responding directly to environmental perturbations were non-heritable developmental noise devoid of long-term phylogenetic consequence. Challenging this strict dichotomy, embryologist Conrad Waddington subjected Drosophila pupae to severe heat shocks, observing that certain individuals developed an altered crossveinless wing structure. By selectively breeding only those flies exhibiting this induced response across twenty generations, Waddington produced a subpopulation in which the crossveinless phenotype emerged consistently without any thermal stress. While early critics dismissed this result as an impossible demonstration of Lamarckian inheritance, modern geneticists recognize that the temperature shock served to uncover cryptic, polygenic regulatory variation already present within the gene pool, which directional selection subsequently canalized into a stable developmental pathway.

Statement: In the context of the passage, the author mentions the 'twenty generations' of selective breeding primarily to provide empirical evidence that environmental stress causes direct, cumulative nucleotide mutations in the organismal genome.

Answer: Answer

Answer

False. The author references the multi-generational selective breeding to demonstrate the canalization and fixation of preexisting, cryptic genetic variation rather than to argue that environmental stress directly causes genomic mutations.
The statement is false. The author references the twenty generations of selective breeding to illustrate genetic assimilation—demonstrating that directional selection can concentrate preexisting, cryptic polygenic variants until an environmentally induced trait becomes canalized and expressed spontaneously. The passage explicitly rejects the notion of Lamarckian mutation, explaining that the thermal stress merely uncovered latent variation already present in the population rather than generating new genomic mutations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Locate the referenced detail within the passage and analyze its immediate textual context.
The phrase 'twenty generations' describes Waddington's selective breeding of flies displaying the heat-induced crossveinless trait until that trait manifested spontaneously in unstressed offspring.
Establishing the precise factual context of the detail is necessary before evaluating its overarching rhetorical role.
2
Determine the author's primary rhetorical purpose for including this specific detail in the development of the argument.
The detail demonstrates the mechanism of genetic assimilation—illustrating how directional selection can stabilize latent, preexisting polygenic alleles into a canalized developmental pathway that operates independently of environmental triggers.
LSAT function-in-context questions test why an author presents a piece of evidence in service of the main thesis rather than merely what the evidence states.
3
Evaluate the functional claim in the given statement against the author's actual argumentative purpose.
The statement mischaracterizes the detail as evidence of stress-induced direct mutagenesis, which directly contradicts the author's explicit conclusion that the variation was already present in the gene pool and unmasked rather than newly created.
Identifying this fundamental contradiction confirms that the statement attributes an incorrect rhetorical function to the detail.

Key Concept

Function of Detail in Context: Distinguishing Rhetorical Purpose from Content Mischaracterization
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