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Difficulty: MediumSufficient Assumption

Urban Planner: Any historic district redevelopment proposal that mandates permeable stone pavements will significantly reduce seasonal urban stormwater runoff. Furthermore, every redevelopment proposal that significantly reduces seasonal urban stormwater runoff helps lower downstream municipal infrastructure costs. Therefore, any historic district redevelopment proposal that mandates permeable stone pavements will be granted expedited zoning authorization by the city council.

The conclusion of the urban planner's argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

  1. A
    Any historic district redevelopment proposal that is granted expedited zoning authorization by the city council helps lower downstream municipal infrastructure costs.
  2. B
    No historic district redevelopment proposal will be granted expedited zoning authorization by the city council unless it mandates permeable stone pavements.
  3. Every historic district redevelopment proposal that helps lower downstream municipal infrastructure costs will be granted expedited zoning authorization by the city council.Answer
  4. D
    All historic district redevelopment proposals that reduce seasonal urban stormwater runoff mandate permeable stone pavements.
  5. E
    Most historic district redevelopment proposals that lower downstream municipal infrastructure costs do not require additional environmental impact assessments.

Answer

Every historic district redevelopment proposal that helps lower downstream municipal infrastructure costs will be granted expedited zoning authorization by the city council.
The argument establishes a conditional chain: Mandating Permeable Pavements implies Reduced Runoff, which implies Lower Downstream Costs. The conclusion asserts that Mandating Permeable Pavements implies Expedited Zoning Authorization. The statement that every proposal lowering downstream infrastructure costs receives expedited zoning authorization bridges Lower Downstream Costs directly to Expedited Zoning Authorization, thereby guaranteeing the conclusion 100% deductively.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Diagram the conditional premise chain established in the stimulus.
Mandating permeable stone pavements guarantees reduced stormwater runoff, which in turn guarantees lowered downstream municipal infrastructure costs.
Combining the premises yields a unified conditional chain connecting permeable stone pavements directly to lowered downstream infrastructure costs.
2
Identify the conclusion and isolate the logical gap between the premises and the conclusion.
The conclusion claims that mandating permeable stone pavements guarantees expedited zoning authorization by the city council.
The premise chain establishes that permeable pavements lead to lower downstream costs, but the conclusion introduces the new concept of expedited zoning authorization.
3
Formulate the sufficient bridge assumption that completes the deductive syllogism.
Any proposal that lowers downstream municipal infrastructure costs must guarantee expedited zoning authorization by the city council.
Connecting the end of the premise chain directly to the conclusion's predicate deductively guarantees that any proposal mandating permeable pavements will receive expedited zoning authorization.

Key Concept

Sufficient Assumption / Deductive Conditional Bridging
Estimated Time:1m 15s
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Sufficient Assumption

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