Question

Read the following passage regarding the debate over the origins of the Indo-European language family:

'Recent archaeological and genomic studies have breathed new life into the debate over the origins of the Indo-European language family. While the traditional "Steppe hypothesis"—which posits that the languages were spread by nomadic pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian steppe—remains the dominant paradigm, some researchers have advocated for the "Anatolian hypothesis," arguing that the language family spread alongside the expansion of agriculture from modern-day Turkey. The genomic evidence mapping ancient migrations undeniably demonstrates massive population movements from the steppe into Europe during the Late Neolithic period. However, definitively linking these specific genetic markers to the spread of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vocabulary involves a degree of speculative extrapolation. Furthermore, while the Anatolian hypothesis provides an elegant explanation for the early branching of the Hittite language, its timeline requires linguistic divergence rates that most historical linguists consider highly improbable. Ultimately, it is highly likely that the steppe migrations played a central role in shaping the linguistic landscape of Late Neolithic Europe, even if the precise mechanisms of language transfer remain partially obscured.'

Based on the passage, match each of the following claims with the phrase that best describes the author's degree of commitment or certainty regarding that claim.