Diagramming Conditional Statements

30 questions

Question 21Question →

A municipal oversight committee has established the following regulatory framework for new infrastructure contracts:

- A contract mandates union labor only if it bypasses the secondary financial audit.
- Failure to secure comprehensive risk insurance precludes a contract from receiving fast-track funding approval.
- Incorporating an extended public comment period is sufficient to delay the initial project timeline.
- Securing comprehensive risk insurance requires that the contract mandate union labor.
- No contract bypasses the secondary financial audit unless it incorporates an extended public comment period.

Assume a new infrastructure contract receives fast-track funding approval. Based exclusively on the framework above, arrange the following outcomes in the exact logical sequence they must follow to form an unbroken deductive chain of necessary conditions, from the immediate requirement to the final outcome.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct logical sequence of necessary conditions is: secures comprehensive risk insurance, mandates union labor, bypasses the secondary financial audit, incorporates an extended public comment period, and finally, the initial project timeline is delayed.
The sequence is built by accurately translating complex conditional indicators into a transitive logical chain. The trigger is 'fast-track funding approval' (F). The contrapositive of the second rule yields F -> Insurance (I). The fourth rule yields I -> Union Labor (UL). The first rule yields UL -> Bypass Audit (BA). The fifth rule yields BA -> Extended Public Comment (EPC). The third rule yields EPC -> Delayed Timeline (DT). Stringing these together gives the unbroken chain: F -> I -> UL -> BA -> EPC -> DT.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the trigger condition and find its immediate necessary outcome using the second rule.
Fast-track funding approval -> Secures comprehensive risk insurance.
The rule 'Failure to secure comprehensive risk insurance precludes a contract from receiving fast-track funding approval' translates to: (~Insurance -> ~Fast-track). Taking the contrapositive yields the valid deduction: (Fast-track -> Insurance).
2
Find the necessary condition for securing comprehensive risk insurance using the fourth rule.
Secures comprehensive risk insurance -> Mandates union labor.
The rule states that securing insurance 'requires' union labor. The term 'requires' always introduces a necessary condition.
3
Determine the necessary condition for mandating union labor using the first rule.
Mandates union labor -> Bypasses secondary financial audit.
The rule uses the phrase 'only if', which introduces a necessary condition. Therefore, 'mandates union labor only if it bypasses the audit' translates to: (Union labor -> Bypasses audit).
4
Identify the necessary condition for bypassing the secondary financial audit using the fifth rule.
Bypasses secondary financial audit -> Incorporates extended public comment period.
The rule structure 'No A unless B' translates logically to 'If A, then B'. Thus, bypassing the audit guarantees the incorporation of the extended public comment period: (Bypasses audit -> Extended public comment).
5
Find the final outcome resulting from the extended public comment period using the third rule.
Incorporates extended public comment period -> Initial project timeline is delayed.
The rule states that the comment period is 'sufficient' to delay the timeline, forming the final link in the chain: (Extended public comment -> Timeline delayed).

Key Concept

Diagramming Conditional Statements

Alternative Method

Instead of diagramming all the rules in isolation first, you can use the 'chain-building' method: start explicitly with the trigger ('fast-track funding approval'), and scan the text specifically for that exact term or its logical negation to find the first link. Repeat this process for each new necessary condition you discover.
Estimated Time:3m 0s
Question 22Question →

According to the newly established ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, an AI system is considered ethically compliant only if it both maintains transparent decision-making and undergoes biannual independent audits. Furthermore, unless a system possesses continuous human oversight, it cannot maintain transparent decision-making. No AI system is approved for public deployment without being considered ethically compliant.

Which one of the following conclusions can be logically drawn from the guidelines above?

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Answer: Any AI system that either lacks continuous human oversight or fails to undergo biannual independent audits will not be approved for public deployment.

Answer

The statement that any AI system lacking either continuous human oversight or biannual independent audits will not be approved for public deployment.
The stimulus allows us to build a logical chain: Public Deployment requires Ethical Compliance. Ethical Compliance requires both Transparent Decision-Making and Biannual Audits. Transparent Decision-Making requires Human Oversight. Chaining these together: Public Deployment requires both Human Oversight and Biannual Audits. The correct answer is the contrapositive of this final chain: if an AI system lacks Human Oversight OR lacks Biannual Audits, it cannot be approved for Public Deployment.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Translate the first premise into formal logic.
Ethically Compliant (EC) -> Transparent Decision-Making (TDM) AND Biannual Audits (BA)
The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions. Both TDM and BA are required for EC.
2
Translate the second premise into formal logic.
NOT Human Oversight (HO) -> NOT Transparent Decision-Making (TDM). Contrapositive: TDM -> HO.
The word 'unless' introduces a necessary condition, meaning HO is necessary for TDM.
3
Translate the third premise into formal logic.
Public Deployment (PR) -> Ethically Compliant (EC)
The phrase 'No... without' means EC is a necessary prerequisite for PR.
4
Synthesize the conditional chain.
PR -> EC -> (TDM AND BA). Furthermore, TDM -> HO. Therefore, PR -> (HO AND BA).
By transitive property, if PR requires EC, and EC requires both TDM and BA, then PR requires both TDM and BA. Since TDM also requires HO, PR ultimately requires both HO and BA.
5
Formulate the contrapositive of the synthesized chain.
NOT (HO AND BA) -> NOT PR, which translates via De Morgan's laws to: (NOT HO OR NOT BA) -> NOT PR.
To find a valid deduction that matches the answer choices, we negate and reverse the final chain. Negating 'AND' turns it into 'OR'.

Key Concept

Diagramming Conditional Statements and Compound Contrapositives
Question 23Question →

According to interstellar quarantine protocols, a celestial body is designated as a Class-Alpha hazard only if it harbors extremophile bacteria or emits anomalous radiation. No celestial body without a stable magnetosphere can harbor extremophile bacteria. Furthermore, emitting anomalous radiation requires a subterranean thermal vent, and any celestial body with a subterranean thermal vent possesses a stable magnetosphere. Finally, unless a celestial body features a crystalline core, it cannot have a stable magnetosphere.

Which one of the following statements logically follows from the quarantine protocols?

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Answer: Any celestial body that does not feature a crystalline core cannot be designated as a Class-Alpha hazard.

Answer

Any celestial body that does not feature a crystalline core cannot be designated as a Class-Alpha hazard.
The correct answer accurately states the contrapositive of the synthesized logical chain. The stimulus establishes that a Class-Alpha hazard requires either extremophile bacteria or anomalous radiation. Because both of these possibilities independently mandate the presence of a stable magnetosphere, any Class-Alpha hazard must possess a stable magnetosphere. The final sentence establishes that a stable magnetosphere requires a crystalline core. Thus, any Class-Alpha hazard must feature a crystalline core. Taking the contrapositive of this relationship yields: if a celestial body lacks a crystalline core, it cannot be a Class-Alpha hazard.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Diagram the initial classification rule.
Class-Alpha Hazard (CAH) → Extremophile Bacteria (EB) OR Anomalous Radiation (AR).
The indicator phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition, which in this case is a compound 'or' statement.
2
Diagram the extremophile bacteria condition.
Extremophile Bacteria (EB) → Stable Magnetosphere (SM).
The phrasing 'No X without Y' translates directly to 'If X, then Y' (or mathematically, ~Y → ~X, which contraposes to X → Y).
3
Diagram the anomalous radiation conditions.
Anomalous Radiation (AR) → Thermal Vent (STV) → Stable Magnetosphere (SM). Therefore, AR → SM.
'Requires' introduces a necessary condition, and 'any' introduces a sufficient condition. Both statements chain together directly to SM.
4
Synthesize the branches.
Class-Alpha Hazard (CAH) → Stable Magnetosphere (SM).
Because CAH requires either EB or AR, and BOTH of those conditions independently require SM, it is guaranteed that CAH requires SM.
5
Diagram the final condition and form the contrapositive.
Stable Magnetosphere (SM) → Crystalline Core (CC). The full chain is CAH → CC. Contrapositive: ~CC → ~CAH.
'Unless X, cannot Y' means 'If Y, then X'. Connecting this to our synthesis yields CAH → SM → CC. Negating and reversing the ends provides the valid deduction.

Key Concept

Synthesizing conditional chains involving disjunctions and deriving the valid contrapositive of a multi-step deduction.
Question 24Question →

A hospital credentialing committee has established a set of rules for surgeons seeking to perform a newly approved neuro-robotic procedure. Order the following propositions to construct a logically valid, unbroken chain of deduction from the sufficient condition of a surgeon being granted full procedural privileges to the necessary condition of the hospital paying an enhanced liability surcharge.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequence translates to: Privileges → Simulation → Certification → Residency → Surcharge.
To construct a valid deductive chain from 'full procedural privileges' to 'enhanced liability surcharge', we must logically connect the sufficient and necessary conditions of each statement. The first proposition uses 'only if' to establish 'procedural privileges' as a sufficient condition for 'biometric simulation' (Privileges → Simulation). The second proposition uses 'guarantees' with negative terms; its contrapositive establishes that passing the simulation requires certification (Simulation → Certification). The third proposition uses 'cannot... unless' to show that certification requires a residency (Certification → Residency). Finally, the fourth proposition states that the residency is a sufficient trigger for the surcharge (Residency → Surcharge). Connecting these links yields the unbroken chain: Privileges → Simulation → Certification → Residency → Surcharge.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the starting sufficient condition and its corresponding necessary condition.
The initial sufficient condition is 'granted full procedural privileges'. The proposition '...granted full procedural privileges only if they have successfully passed the rigorous biometric simulation' establishes the first link: Privileges → Simulation.
To build a forward deductive chain, we must start with the initial trigger specified in the prompt.
2
Find the proposition where 'passing the biometric simulation' acts as the sufficient condition.
The proposition 'Failing to hold specialized board certification... guarantees that a surgeon will not pass the rigorous biometric simulation' translates to ~Certification → ~Simulation. The contrapositive is Simulation → Certification.
The sufficient condition of the next link must identically match the necessary condition of the previous link (Simulation) to maintain an unbroken chain.
3
Find the proposition where 'holding specialized board certification' acts as the sufficient condition.
The proposition 'A surgeon cannot hold specialized board certification... unless they have completed the mandatory peer-reviewed residency' translates to Certification → Residency.
The 'unless' indicator modifies the necessary condition, meaning the remaining negated statement becomes the sufficient condition.
4
Find the proposition linking the residency to the final required outcome.
The proposition 'The completion of the mandatory peer-reviewed residency... is sufficient to require the hospital to pay an enhanced liability surcharge' translates to Residency → Surcharge.
This establishes the final necessary condition required by the prompt, completing the valid deduction.

Key Concept

Conditional Logic Chain Construction and Contrapositives
Question 25Question →

A civil aviation authority is formalizing its autonomous vehicle protocols into a logical database. The fundamental propositions are defined as follows:

AA: The airspace is restricted
BB: The beacon is activated
CC: The clearance is revoked
DD: The drone is grounded

Match each complex English regulatory rule to a logically equivalent formal representation. (Note: ∼\sim denotes logical negation, and →\rightarrow denotes implication. The correct formal representations may be in their contrapositive forms.)

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

The airspace is restricted unless the beacon is activated.
The drone is grounded only if the airspace is restricted and the clearance is revoked.
The only drones that are grounded are those for which the beacon is not activated.
Activating the beacon without revoking the clearance ensures that the drone is grounded.

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct pairings are: Left 1 with Right 2, Left 2 with Right 4, Left 3 with Right 1, and Left 4 with Right 3.
Each correct pair logically links a complex English conditional statement to its precise formal contrapositive. Success requires two distinct analytical actions: accurately diagramming the initial statement using syntactic indicator words, and then strictly applying logical negation rules (including De Morgan's Laws for compound conditions) to locate the equivalent formal expression.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Translate the 'unless' statement (Left 1).
Yields ∼B→A\sim B \rightarrow A. Then form the contrapositive to find the match: ∼A→B\sim A \rightarrow B (Right 2).
Statements using 'unless' require treating the modified term as necessary, and negating the remaining term as sufficient. Since the direct translation is absent, the contrapositive is required.
2
Translate the 'only if' statement containing a compound necessary condition (Left 2).
Yields D→(A and C)D \rightarrow (A \text{ and } C). Applying the contrapositive and De Morgan's Laws yields (∼A or ∼C)→∼D(\sim A \text{ or } \sim C) \rightarrow \sim D (Right 4).
Indicator 'only if' designates the necessary condition. When negating a compound 'and' statement during contraposition, it must flip to an 'or'.
3
Translate 'The only' statement (Left 3).
Yields D→∼BD \rightarrow \sim B. Its contrapositive is B→∼DB \rightarrow \sim D (Right 1).
The phrase 'The only' identifies the sufficient condition. Negating both sides and reversing gives the proper contrapositive.
4
Translate the 'ensures' statement with a 'without' modifier (Left 4).
Yields (B and ∼C)→D(B \text{ and } \sim C) \rightarrow D. The contrapositive is ∼D→(∼B or C)\sim D \rightarrow (\sim B \text{ or } C) (Right 3).
'Ensures' functions as an 'if' (sufficient). 'Without' acts as an 'and not'. Applying De Morgan's Laws to the contrapositive flips the 'and' back to an 'or'.

Key Concept

Advanced Conditional Logic: Translating complex English indicators ('unless', 'only if', 'the only') and applying De Morgan's Laws to form contrapositives of compound statements.
Question 26Question →

To properly classify organisms within the newly discovered Solaria fungal ecosystem, botanists adhere to strict taxonomic rules. A specimen is categorized as a bioluminescent species only if it synthesizes the compound luciferyl. Moreover, no fungus in this ecosystem synthesizes luciferyl without also maintaining a symbiotic relationship with local root systems. Finally, exhibiting a rapid spore-dispersal mechanism requires that the fungus not maintain a symbiotic relationship with local root systems.

Based on the botanists' taxonomic rules, which one of the following statements must be true?

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Answer: Any specimen in the Solaria ecosystem that exhibits a rapid spore-dispersal mechanism is not categorized as a bioluminescent species.

Answer

The statement declaring that any specimen exhibiting a rapid spore-dispersal mechanism is not categorized as a bioluminescent species.
The stimulus provides three conditional statements. First: Bioluminescent -> Synthesizes luciferyl. Second: Synthesizes luciferyl -> Symbiotic relationship. Connecting these gives: Bioluminescent -> Synthesizes luciferyl -> Symbiotic relationship. The third statement is: Rapid spore-dispersal -> NO Symbiotic relationship. The contrapositive of this third statement is: Symbiotic relationship -> NO Rapid spore-dispersal. By attaching this contrapositive to the end of our initial chain, we establish a complete unbroken chain: Bioluminescent -> Synthesizes luciferyl -> Symbiotic relationship -> NO Rapid spore-dispersal. This proves that any bioluminescent species cannot have a rapid spore-dispersal mechanism. The contrapositive of this overarching deduction is that any fungus with rapid spore-dispersal is not bioluminescent. The correct answer choice explicitly states this valid contrapositive.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Diagram the first sentence.
Bioluminescent -> Synthesizes luciferyl
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition.
2
Diagram the second sentence.
Synthesizes luciferyl -> Symbiotic relationship
The phrase 'no [X] without [Y]' means that X is sufficient to guarantee Y.
3
Diagram the third sentence.
Rapid spore-dispersal -> NO Symbiotic relationship
The word 'requires' introduces a necessary condition, which in this case is negative.
4
Form the logical chain.
Bioluminescent -> Synthesizes luciferyl -> Symbiotic relationship
The necessary condition of the first premise is the sufficient condition of the second.
5
Integrate the third premise into the chain via contraposition.
Symbiotic relationship -> NO Rapid spore-dispersal
The contrapositive of (Rapid spore-dispersal -> NO Symbiotic relationship) allows it to link to the end of our existing chain.
6
Make the final deduction.
Bioluminescent -> NO Rapid spore-dispersal. Contrapositive: Rapid spore-dispersal -> NO Bioluminescent.
By following the continuous directional arrows of the full chain, the first sufficient condition inevitably leads to the final necessary condition.

Key Concept

Diagramming Conditional Statements
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 27Question →

A corporation can export restricted quantum processors only if it secures a Tier-1 license and undergoes a multilateral security review. Furthermore, securing a Tier-1 license requires that the corporation has no prior compliance violations. Finally, unless a corporation maintains a fully localized supply chain, it cannot undergo a multilateral security review.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?

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Answer: Any corporation that exports restricted quantum processors has no prior compliance violations and maintains a fully localized supply chain.

Answer

The correct answer states that any corporation exporting restricted quantum processors must have no prior compliance violations and must maintain a fully localized supply chain.
The stimulus establishes a clear chain of conditional dependencies. We are given that exporting restricted quantum processors requires two distinct things: a Tier-1 license and a multilateral security review. We are subsequently informed that a Tier-1 license requires having no prior compliance violations, and that a multilateral security review requires maintaining a fully localized supply chain. By chaining these requirements together, we can logically deduce that if a corporation actually exports the processors, it must successfully meet all of these underlying prerequisites. Therefore, it is definitively true that such a corporation has no prior compliance violations and maintains a fully localized supply chain.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Translate the first premise into formal logic.
Export (E) → Tier-1 License (T1) AND Multilateral Security Review (MSR).
The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions. Both securing the license and undergoing the review are strictly required in order to export.
2
Translate the second premise into formal logic.
Tier-1 License (T1) → No Compliance Violations (No-V).
The word 'requires' indicates that having no prior violations is a necessary condition for obtaining the Tier-1 license.
3
Translate the third premise into formal logic.
Multilateral Security Review (MSR) → Localized Supply Chain (LSC).
The construct 'Unless A, B' translates to 'If not A, then B'. 'Unless localized supply chain (LSC), cannot undergo review (not MSR)' becomes 'If not LSC, then not MSR', which contraposes to 'MSR → LSC'.
4
Synthesize the conditional statements into a unified deductive chain.
E → (T1 AND MSR). Since T1 → No-V and MSR → LSC, substitution yields: E → (No-V AND LSC).
By applying the transitive property of conditional logic, if the sufficient condition (exporting) is met, all downstream necessary conditions must also be met.

Key Concept

Diagramming Conditional Statements and Formulating Transitive Chains
Question 28Question →

Match each of the following culinary certification rules to its correct logical contrapositive diagram.

Assume the following variables:
MM = Master status is achieved
TT = Technique is perfected
FF = Final exam is passed
EE = Critical error occurs

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Master status is achieved only if the technique is perfected.
Failing to perfect the technique ensures that the final exam is failed.
The final exam is passed unless a critical error occurs.
No master status is achieved without passing the final exam.

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct matches require translating each English conditional statement into its baseline logical diagram, and then finding the logically equivalent contrapositive for each among the choices.
Each correct match pairs the original English statement with its logically equivalent contrapositive. By successfully identifying the sufficient and necessary conditions encoded in terms like 'only if', 'ensures', 'unless', and 'no... without', you derive the correct baseline diagram. Negating and reversing both terms then yields the provided answers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Translate rule 1 and find its contrapositive.
'Master status is achieved only if the technique is perfected' translates to M→TM \rightarrow T. The contrapositive is ∼T→∼M\sim T \rightarrow \sim M.
The phrase 'only if' always precedes the necessary condition.
2
Translate rule 2 and find its contrapositive.
'Failing to perfect the technique ensures that the final exam is failed' translates to ∼T→∼F\sim T \rightarrow \sim F. The contrapositive is F→TF \rightarrow T.
The word 'ensures' functions as a sufficient condition indicator.
3
Translate rule 3 and find its contrapositive.
'The final exam is passed unless a critical error occurs' translates to ∼E→F\sim E \rightarrow F. The contrapositive is ∼F→E\sim F \rightarrow E.
The word 'unless' is logically equivalent to 'if not', negating the other term to form the sufficient condition.
4
Translate rule 4 and find its contrapositive.
'No master status is achieved without passing the final exam' translates to M→FM \rightarrow F. The contrapositive is ∼F→∼M\sim F \rightarrow \sim M.
The formula 'No X without Y' means that Y is required for X, thus X is the sufficient condition and Y is the necessary condition.

Key Concept

Translating diverse conditional language into logical symbols and recognizing contrapositives.
Question 29Question →

A maritime arbitration board relies on a strict set of regulations to determine the obligations and reimbursements for salvage operations.

You are given the initial premise: 'The cargo of the salvaged vessel is classified as containing hazardous materials.'
Your goal is to logically deduce the conclusion: 'The operation's costs will not be fully reimbursed by the state fund.'

Arrange the following regulatory rules in the exact logical sequence required to form an unbroken deductive chain from the given premise to the target conclusion.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct logical sequence translates the rules to form the chain: Hazardous Materials → EPA Registration → Auditor Deployed → Bond Posted → Mandatory Audit → Costs Not Reimbursed.
To build the deductive chain, each rule must be translated accurately into formal logic to connect the necessary condition of one rule to the sufficient condition of the next. The sequence begins with the premise 'Hazardous Materials' (HM). The rule 'Cannot be HM unless EPA' translates to HM → EPA. Next, 'Unless Auditor, cannot be EPA' translates to EPA → Auditor. Then, 'Prerequisite for Auditor is Bond' translates to Auditor → Bond. 'Any Bond is Audit' translates to Bond → Audit. Finally, 'For Reimbursed, must not Audit' translates to Reimbursed → Not Audit, whose contrapositive is Audit → Not Reimbursed. Chaining these yields: HM → EPA → Auditor → Bond → Audit → Not Reimbursed. Applying the premise HM, the conclusion Not Reimbursed validly follows in this exact sequence.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Translate the rule containing the initial premise (Hazardous Materials).
rule_hm_epa translates to: Hazardous Materials → EPA Registration.
The phrase 'cannot be X unless Y' means if not Y, then not X (contrapositive: X → Y).
2
Find the rule triggered by EPA Registration.
rule_epa_iea translates to: EPA Registration → Auditor Deployed.
The phrase 'Unless X, cannot be Y' means if not X, then not Y (contrapositive: Y → X).
3
Find the rule triggered by Auditor Deployed.
rule_iea_sib translates to: Auditor Deployed → Bond Posted.
A 'prerequisite' is a necessary condition. If the auditor is deployed (sufficient condition met), the prerequisite must have been satisfied.
4
Find the rule triggered by Bond Posted.
rule_sib_lca translates to: Bond Posted → Mandatory Audit.
'Any X is Y' introduces a straightforward sufficient → necessary relationship.
5
Find the rule connecting Mandatory Audit to the final conclusion (Costs Not Reimbursed).
rule_lca_reimburse translates to: Costs Reimbursed → Not Audit. Contrapositive: Mandatory Audit → Costs Not Reimbursed.
Applying the contrapositive of this requirement completes the deductive chain to the target conclusion.

Key Concept

Conditional logic translation and deductive chaining
Estimated Time:2m 30s
Question 30Question →

A financial regulatory board has issued a new set of auditing standards. Below are four rules extracted from these standards. Match each English regulatory rule to its accurate formal logical diagram.

Use the following variables for your diagramming:
AA: The audit is approved
RR: The receipts are verified
LL: The ledger is balanced
DD: Discrepancies are reported

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

No audit is approved without both the receipts being verified and the ledger being balanced.
The ledger is balanced if the audit is approved, unless discrepancies are reported.
The audit being approved requires the receipts to be verified, but the ledger being balanced is sufficient for the audit to be approved.
The audit is approved if, but only if, the ledger is balanced and no discrepancies are reported.

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct matches are:
'No audit is approved without both...' matches with A→(R∧L)A \rightarrow (R \land L)
'The ledger is balanced if the audit is approved, unless...' matches with A→(L∨D)A \rightarrow (L \lor D)
'The audit being approved requires the receipts...' matches with (A→R)∧(L→A)(A \rightarrow R) \land (L \rightarrow A)
'The audit is approved if, but only if...' matches with A↔(L∧¬D)A \leftrightarrow (L \land \neg D)
Each statement successfully maps English syntactic cues to their formal propositional logic equivalents. Mastering the nuances of words like 'unless', 'only if', and 'requires' ensures you avoid illegal reversals or negations in deduction chains.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the first statement for necessary conditions.
Translates 'No X without Y' to X -> Y, resulting in A -> (R AND L).
The 'without' modifier establishes that the absence of R and L precludes A, meaning A firmly implies their presence.
2
Deconstruct the 'unless' clause in the second statement.
Translates to ~D -> (A -> L), which is logically equivalent to A -> (L OR D).
'Unless' negates the following condition to form the sufficient trigger. Distributing this across the nested conditional yields an 'OR' relationship on the necessary side.
3
Split the third statement into its 'requires' and 'sufficient' components.
Yields two separate conditionals: A -> R and L -> A.
The sentence explicitly divides the relationship between R being necessary for A, and L being sufficient to guarantee A.
4
Identify the biconditional indicator in the fourth statement.
Translates 'if, but only if' to a two-way arrow, resulting in A <-> (L AND ~D).
Biconditionals indicate that both sides of the relationship are simultaneously necessary and sufficient for each other.

Key Concept

Accurate formal logical translation of complex English indicators ('unless', 'no X without Y', 'requires', 'sufficient', 'if, but only if').
Estimated Time:2m 30s
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