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Difficulty: MediumHealth Promotion and Disease Prevention

A nurse leading a wellness seminar at a local community center is discussing the different levels of disease prevention with a group of middle-aged adults. Which of the following examples provided by the nurse accurately represent secondary prevention? (Select all that apply.)

  1. Undergoing a routine colonoscopy at age 45.Answer
  2. B
    Receiving the annual influenza vaccination.
  3. C
    Participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program following a myocardial infarction.
  4. Obtaining a fasting lipid profile during an annual physical examination.Answer
  5. E
    Applying broad-spectrum sunscreen daily to prevent skin cancer.
  6. Completing a standardized questionnaire to screen for signs of depression.Answer

Answer

The correct secondary prevention interventions are undergoing a routine colonoscopy, obtaining a fasting lipid profile, and completing a depression screening questionnaire.
Secondary prevention aims to identify and treat asymptomatic persons who have already developed risk factors or preclinical disease but in whom the condition has not become clinically apparent. Screening tests—such as colonoscopies for colorectal cancer, fasting lipid profiles for hyperlipidemia, and questionnaires for depression—are the hallmark interventions of secondary prevention. They allow for early detection and prompt intervention.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core objective of the question.
The scenario requires identifying examples of secondary prevention from a list of various health promotion activities.
Correctly identifying the type of prevention being asked is the essential first step to evaluating the distractors.
2
Recall the definition of secondary prevention.
Secondary prevention focuses on screening, early detection, and prompt treatment of diseases in asymptomatic individuals.
This definition provides the criterion to determine which options are correct.
3
Evaluate each option against the levels of prevention.
Colonoscopies, lipid profiles, and depression questionnaires are screening tools (secondary). Sunscreen and vaccinations prevent disease onset (primary). Cardiac rehab restores health after an event (tertiary).
Systematically categorizing each option ensures all correct answers are selected in this multiple-response format.

Key Concept

Levels of Disease Prevention (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
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Topics

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

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