Question

Difficulty: Very hardPunctuation of Nonessential Elements

The following passage is about the development of a mathematical theorem. Which punctuation mark must be inserted into the blank to ensure that the nonessential element in the sentence is punctuated correctly?

Answer:Although her contributions were initially undervalued by contemporaries due to institutional gender bias, her formulation—which posits that every differentiable symmetry of a physical system corresponds to a specific conservation law【—】fundamentally reshaped the theoretical framework of modern physics.

Answer

The correct punctuation mark is an em dash (—).
The correct punctuation mark is an em dash (—). The sentence contains a nonessential relative clause ('which posits that every differentiable symmetry of a physical system corresponds to a specific conservation law') that modifies the noun 'formulation'. This nonessential clause is opened with an em dash, so it must be closed with an em dash to maintain punctuation symmetry before continuing to the main verb 'fundamentally'.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nonessential element in the sentence.
The clause 'which posits that every differentiable symmetry of a physical system corresponds to a specific conservation law' is a nonessential relative clause modifying the noun 'formulation'.
Nonessential elements provide extra information that can be removed without altering the core grammatical structure of the sentence.
2
Check the punctuation mark used to introduce the nonessential element.
The nonessential clause is introduced with an em dash (—) right after 'formulation'.
Standard English grammar requires that nonessential elements be set off by matching pairs of punctuation.
3
Determine the closing punctuation mark.
Since the nonessential element begins with an em dash, it must also end with an em dash (—) before the main verb 'fundamentally'.
Using asymmetrical punctuation, such as opening with an em dash and closing with a comma or parenthesis, violates standard grammatical rules.

Key Concept

Punctuation of Nonessential Elements
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