Question

Difficulty: MediumPunctuation of Nonessential Elements

In 1418, the builders of the Florence Cathedral faced a seemingly impossible engineering challenge: constructing a massive dome without any temporary wooden scaffolding. The architect Filippo Brunelleschi ______ devised an ingenious solution that utilized a herringbone brick pattern to distribute weight. This self-supporting design allowed the dome to be built without collapsing inward during construction, forever altering the course of Renaissance architecture.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. A
    —who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon,
  2. B
    who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon,
  3. , who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon,Answer
  4. D
    , who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon

Answer

The phrase that begins and ends with a comma: ', who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon,'
The relative clause 'who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon' provides extra, nonrestrictive information about Filippo Brunelleschi. In Standard Written English, nonessential elements must be set off from the rest of the sentence using matching punctuation marks on both sides. The correct choice employs a pair of commas to appropriately isolate the clause. Other options fail because they create asymmetrical punctuation by mixing different marks or omitting one of the boundary markers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the boundary of the relative clause in the sentence.
The relative clause is 'who had studied the ancient construction techniques of the Roman Pantheon'.
Determining where the clause begins and ends is necessary to apply the punctuation rules.
2
Determine if the relative clause is essential or nonessential to the sentence's meaning.
The relative clause is nonessential (nonrestrictive) because it modifies the specific proper noun 'Filippo Brunelleschi' and its removal does not change the core meaning of the sentence.
Nonessential elements must be set off with punctuation, whereas essential elements are not punctuated.
3
Apply the matching punctuation rule to set off the nonessential relative clause.
The clause must start with a comma and end with a comma (or start and end with em dashes/parentheses) to maintain grammatical symmetry.
Standard English conventions require matching punctuation marks on both sides of a nonessential element.

Key Concept

Punctuation of Nonessential Elements
Estimated Time:1m 0s
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