Question

Difficulty: MediumPunctuation of Nonessential Elements

In the 1940s, geneticist Barbara McClintock conducted pioneering research on the inheritance patterns of maize plants. Her work focused on transposons ______ which challenged the prevailing scientific consensus that genomes are rigid and unchanging. Although her findings were initially met with skepticism from the scientific community, McClintock's discoveries eventually earned her a Nobel Prize in 1983.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. A
    , genetic elements that can move to different positions within a genome—
  2. B
    —genetic elements that can move to different positions within a genome,
  3. —genetic elements that can move to different positions within a genome—Answer
  4. D
    , genetic elements that can move to different positions within a genome

Answer

The choice that begins and ends the appositive phrase with matching em dashes is correct.
The correct choice uses a pair of matching em dashes to set off the nonessential appositive phrase 'genetic elements that can move to different positions within a genome'. In English grammar, nonessential elements must be set off from the rest of the sentence using matching punctuation marks, such as two commas, two em dashes, or parentheses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nonessential element within the sentence structure.
The phrase 'genetic elements that can move to different positions within a genome' functions as an appositive that defines 'transposons' but is not essential to the main clause of the sentence.
Locating the boundaries of the nonessential element helps determine where punctuation must be placed.
2
Apply the punctuation rule for nonessential elements.
Nonessential elements must be set off by matching punctuation marks: either two commas, two em dashes, or parentheses.
Mixing different punctuation marks (such as a comma and an em dash) to set off a single phrase is grammatically incorrect.
3
Evaluate the punctuation pairs in the choices.
Only the option using matching em dashes on both sides of the appositive phrase maintains punctuation symmetry.
Selecting this option ensures the sentence conforms to Standard English conventions.

Key Concept

Punctuation of Nonessential Elements
Estimated Time:1m 0s
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