Question

Text 1
Many evolutionary biologists and behavioral economists have argued that the endowment effect—the tendency to value an item more highly simply because one owns it—is an ancient evolutionary adaptation. In a series of experiments, researcher Sarah Brosnan and colleagues demonstrated that chimpanzees ($Pan\ troglodytes$) exhibit a strong preference for keeping food items they already possess (such as peanut butter) over trading them for alternative foods of equal value (like fruit juice). Brosnan concludes that this bias is deeply ingrained, serving to minimize the risk of losing resources in unstable social environments where possession is the primary guarantor of ownership.

Text 2
Behavioral scientist Michael Tomasello challenges the view that the endowment effect in non-human primates is an innate evolutionary bias. Tomasello points out that chimpanzees in Brosnan’s experiments were tested in highly artificial, isolated laboratory settings. In natural group settings, chimpanzees frequently engage in food sharing and competitive theft, where holding onto an item does not guarantee its security. Tomasello argues that Brosnan's findings reflect a temporary strategy learned within the structured confines of human-controlled testing rather than a hardwired evolutionary adaptation that dictates wild chimpanzee behavior.

Based on Text 2, how would Tomasello most likely characterize the chimpanzees' reluctance to trade food items in Brosnan's experiments?