Question

Difficulty: HardPunctuation of Nonessential Elements

In 1972, French analysts at the Pierrelatte uranium enrichment plant discovered a bizarre anomaly in uranium samples from Gabon. The proportion of the fissile isotope uranium-235 was significantly lower than the standard value found everywhere else on Earth. Further investigation revealed that the Oklo deposits ______ had actually undergone self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions approximately two billion years ago.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. —which contained a unique combination of physical conditions—Answer
  2. B
    , which contained a unique combination of physical conditions—
  3. C
    —which contained a unique combination of physical conditions,
  4. D
    , which contained a unique combination of physical conditions

Answer

—which contained a unique combination of physical conditions—
The correct answer correctly uses a pair of em dashes to set off the nonessential relative clause modifying the subject. In English, nonessential elements must be bracketed by matching punctuation marks: either two commas or two em dashes. Since the clause is followed by the main verb of the sentence, wrapping the clause in em dashes successfully maintains grammatical symmetry.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the grammatical role of the clause inside the blank.
The clause 'which contained a unique combination of physical conditions' is a nonessential relative clause that modifies the noun phrase 'the Oklo deposits'.
Because the sentence remains grammatically complete and retains its core meaning without this clause, the clause is nonessential and must be set off with punctuation.
2
Determine the correct punctuation rules for nonessential elements.
Nonessential elements must be set off by matching punctuation marks: either two commas, two em dashes, or two parentheses.
Using mismatched punctuation (like a comma and an em dash) creates an asymmetrical construction, which violates standard grammatical conventions.
3
Evaluate the choices to find the matching pair of punctuation marks.
The option containing '—which contained a unique combination of physical conditions—' uses two em dashes, which is a correct matching pair.
This establishes a consistent and grammatically correct boundary for the parenthetical clause.

Key Concept

Punctuation of Nonessential Elements
Rate this question