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Difficulty: HardRevolutionary Movements, Left-Wing Currents, and the Indian National Army

Consider the following statements regarding revolutionary activities organized outside India during the First World War:

1. The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established under the Zimmermann Plan with support from the German Foreign Office to mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad.
2. The first Provisional Government of India was proclaimed in Kabul in 1915, with Raja Mahendra Pratap as President and Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister.
3. The weekly journal *Ghadar*, published by the Ghadar Party from San Francisco, prominently displayed the headline caption *Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman* (Enemy of British Rule) on its masthead.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. A
    1 and 2 only
  2. B
    2 and 3 only
  3. 1, 2, and 3Answer
  4. D
    1 and 3 only

Answer

All three statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct.
All three assertions are historically accurate. During World War I, Indian revolutionaries leveraged global geopolitical rivalries: the Berlin Committee was set up under the Zimmermann Plan to organize armed uprising in India; the Provisional Government of India was declared in Kabul in December 1915 with Raja Mahendra Pratap as President and Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister; and the Ghadar newspaper launched from San Francisco carried the explicit subtitle 'Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman' on its front masthead.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence.
Statement 1 is correct. Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Bhupendranath Dutta, and Lala Hardayal formed the Berlin Committee in 1914–1915 with German Foreign Office assistance under the Zimmermann Plan to incite rebellion among Indian soldiers and transport arms to India.
Verifying the external support mechanisms utilized by Indian revolutionaries during WWI.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding the Kabul Provisional Government.
Statement 2 is correct. In December 1915, an Indian diplomatic mission sent to Afghanistan established the Provisional Government of Free India in Kabul, headed by Raja Mahendra Pratap as President and Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister.
Confirming the leadership and location of the earliest exiled government formed by Indian nationalists.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding the Ghadar Party journal.
Statement 3 is correct. The Ghadar Party published its flagship journal *Ghadar* starting in November 1913 from the Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco, featuring the banner phrase *Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman* and exposing colonial economic exploitation.
Checking the publication details and anti-colonial messaging of revolutionary literature abroad.

Key Concept

Overseas Revolutionary Movements during WWI (Berlin Committee, Kabul Provisional Government, and Ghadar Movement)
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Topics

Revolutionary Movements, Left-Wing Currents, and the Indian National Army