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Difficulty: MediumStatement and Conclusions or Inferences

Evaluate the statements regarding agricultural export protocols and the subsequent conclusions.

Statement 1: Under the revised National Agricultural Export Policy of 2026, all shipments of organic mangoes destined for the European market must undergo a mandatory hot water treatment to eliminate fruit fly larvae.
Statement 2: The Horizon Agrotech cooperative has successfully exported 50 metric tons of organic mangoes to the European market this month in full compliance with the new policy framework.

Conclusion I: The mangoes exported by the Horizon Agrotech cooperative this month were subjected to hot water treatment prior to shipment.
Conclusion II: The European market has enacted a strict import ban on conventionally grown (non-organic) mangoes due to the risk of fruit fly larvae.

Which of the given conclusions logically follows from the statements?

  1. Conclusion I alone is logically validAnswer
  2. B
    Conclusion II alone is logically valid
  3. C
    Conclusions I and II are both logically valid
  4. D
    Neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II is logically valid

Answer

The correct evaluation is that Conclusion I alone is logically valid.
The correct answer identifies that only the first conclusion is a valid logical deduction. Statement 1 establishes an absolute condition: all shipments of organic mangoes to the European market must undergo hot water treatment. Statement 2 confirms that the cooperative successfully exported such a shipment under this policy. Therefore, it is a direct and necessary logical inference that this specific shipment underwent the treatment (Conclusion I). Conclusion II introduces external concepts about non-organic mangoes and import bans which are not mentioned in the text.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 to identify the universal rule being established.
The rule states: If organic mangoes are exported to the European market under the 2026 policy, then they must undergo hot water treatment.
Establishing the logical premise is necessary to determine what conditions must be met.
2
Analyze Statement 2 to identify the specific case provided.
The case states: Horizon Agrotech exported organic mangoes to the European market under the new policy.
Connecting the specific case to the universal rule allows for direct logical deduction.
3
Evaluate Conclusion I against the synthesized facts.
Conclusion I states the cooperative's mangoes were treated. Because the case fulfills the 'if' condition of the rule in Step 1, the 'then' condition must logically follow. Conclusion I is valid.
This confirms the conclusion is derived strictly from the given statements.
4
Evaluate Conclusion II against the synthesized facts.
Conclusion II discusses policies regarding conventionally grown (non-organic) mangoes. The original statements provide zero information about non-organic agricultural exports or total bans.
Identifying missing information confirms that the conclusion requires unwarranted assumptions and is therefore invalid.

Key Concept

Applying deductive logic to extract direct inferences while avoiding unwarranted assumptions about unstated scenarios.
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Topics

Statement and Conclusions or Inferences

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