Question

Read the following passage carefully:

'The rapid integration of digital algorithms into modern public administration has fundamentally transformed civic service delivery, reducing bureaucratic delays and increasing operational efficiency across government departments. Automated decision-making tools enable public institutions to process welfare applications, manage urban infrastructure, and optimize resource allocation with unprecedented speed and scale. However, an uncritical reliance on algorithmic governance carries significant systemic risks that threaten administrative fairness. Machine learning models trained on historical datasets frequently perpetuate and amplify entrenched institutional biases, leading to disproportionate and discriminatory outcomes against socio-economically marginalized populations. Furthermore, the opaque nature of complex predictive algorithms—often characterized as the black box problem—hampers public accountability and deprives citizens of their fundamental right to understand the rationale behind administrative decisions affecting their livelihoods. Consequently, technological innovation in governance should not be viewed as a substitute for institutional ethics. To ensure that digital transformation remains aligned with democratic principles, state agencies must establish comprehensive regulatory frameworks, conduct periodic bias audits, and retain meaningful human oversight throughout automated decision-making workflows.'

Which of the following statements correctly capture the author's primary thesis and central theme regarding algorithmic governance? (Select all that apply)