Question

Difficulty: Very hardPassage Assumptions and Underlying Premises

Read the passage below and evaluate the subsequent statement:

Passage:
To alleviate acute highway congestion and lower freight emissions along industrial corridors, state transport planners have mandated that public logistics hubs shift a portion of bulk cargo to inland waterway barges. Supporters emphasize that barge transport consumes significantly less fuel per ton-kilometer than heavy trucking, lowering direct line-haul energy costs. However, critics highlight that inland vessels face seasonal draft limitations and slower travel speeds. Additionally, cargo originating at inland factories still requires road transport to reach river jetties. Consequently, the author argues that unless terminal handling and transshipment charges are kept substantially lower than highway toll fees, freight operators will continue to prefer direct road transport despite the fuel savings of barges.

Statement: The author's argument relies on the underlying assumption that overall door-to-door freight cost, rather than fuel efficiency alone, is the primary factor determining a freight operator's choice of transport mode.

Answer: Answer

Answer

The statement is TRUE. The author's argument inherently depends on the unstated premise that freight operators select transport modes based on overall door-to-door financial cost rather than line-haul fuel efficiency alone.
The statement correctly identifies an unstated, indispensable premise of the passage. The author contends that superior fuel efficiency is insufficient on its own to motivate a shift to waterways unless terminal fees are kept lower than highway tolls. This logical structure depends on assuming that freight operators decide on transport modes by evaluating total door-to-door costs rather than isolated parameters like fuel consumption.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the main conclusion of the passage
The author asserts that freight operators will continue choosing road transport over inland waterways unless terminal transshipment fees are maintained well below highway toll rates, despite barges having lower fuel consumption per ton-kilometer.
Isolating the author's core thesis is necessary to determine what implicit premises support it.
2
Apply the Negation Test to the statement
Negate the statement: 'Freight operators do NOT choose transport modes based on overall door-to-door costs (e.g., they select modes based strictly on fuel efficiency).' Under this negated premise, shippers would immediately switch to waterways due to barge fuel savings regardless of terminal fees. This directly invalidates the author's claim that lower terminal fees are necessary to incentivize the shift.
If negating an assumption causes the argument's central conclusion to collapse, that assumption is logically necessary.
3
Evaluate the truth value of the statement
Because the negated statement destroys the logic of the passage, the original statement is a necessary underlying premise.
Confirms that the statement functions as an essential assumption for the passage.

Key Concept

Passage Assumptions and Underlying Premises
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