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Difficulty: MediumFundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and Fundamental Duties

Under Part IV of the Constitution of India, various Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) were inserted or modified through constitutional amendments. Which of the following provisions was specifically added to the Directive Principles by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978?

  1. State directive to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunitiesAnswer
  2. B
    Participation of workers in the management of industries
  3. C
    Promotion of voluntary formation and autonomous functioning of co-operative societies
  4. D
    Provision for early childhood care and education to children until they complete the age of six years

Answer

The provision requiring the State to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities among individuals and groups was added as Article 38(2) by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978.
The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 added clause (2) to Article 38, directing the State to minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities, and opportunities not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the constitutional provision inserted into Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978.
Article 38 was amended to add clause (2), which mandates the State to strive to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities.
The Janata Party government introduced the 44th Amendment in 1978 to revise certain provisions introduced during the Emergency and add explicit egalitarian directives under Article 38.
2
Differentiate this amendment from other major constitutional amendments affecting Part IV.
Article 43A (workers' participation in industrial management) was added by the 42nd Amendment (1976); Article 43B (co-operative societies) was added by the 97th Amendment (2011); Article 45 (early childhood care up to 6 years) was altered by the 86th Amendment (2002).
Distinguishing between the 42nd, 44th, 86th, and 97th Amendments is crucial for accurately placing amendments to Part IV of the Constitution.

Key Concept

Constitutional Amendments to Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV)
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Topics

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and Fundamental Duties

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