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Difficulty: Very hardHuman Physiology, Health, and Diseases

With reference to human infectious diseases, vector transmission, and pathogen classification, consider the following statements:

1. Japanese Encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus and is transmitted primarily to humans by infected CulexCulex mosquitoes, with pigs acting as key amplifying hosts.
2. Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia\ burgdorferi, transmitted through the bite of infected hard-bodied IxodesIxodes ticks.
3. Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruziTrypanosoma\ cruzi and is primarily transmitted by triatomine bugs.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. A
    1 and 2 only
  2. B
    2 and 3 only
  3. C
    1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2, and 3Answer

Answer

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are all correct.
All three statements accurately describe the etiology and transmission dynamics of their respective diseases: Japanese Encephalitis is flaviviral (CulexCulex-borne with pig amplifying hosts), Lyme disease is bacterial (Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia\ burgdorferi via IxodesIxodes ticks), and Chagas disease is protozoan (Trypanosoma cruziTrypanosoma\ cruzi via triatomine bugs).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Japanese Encephalitis.
Statement 1 is correct. Japanese Encephalitis is a viral zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus FlavivirusFlavivirus. It is transmitted by CulexCulex mosquitoes (primarily Culex tritaeniorhynchusCulex\ tritaeniorhynchus), where domestic pigs and wild wading birds serve as main amplifying hosts.
Verifying the viral etiology, mosquito vector genus, and animal reservoir hosts.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding Lyme disease.
Statement 2 is correct. Lyme disease is a bacterial zoonosis caused by the obligate spirochete Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia\ burgdorferi (and related species), transmitted to humans via bites from infected black-legged ticks of the genus IxodesIxodes.
Verifying the bacterial nature of the spirochete and the tick vector.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding Chagas disease.
Statement 3 is correct. Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruziTrypanosoma\ cruzi, vector-borne transmitted through the feces of blood-sucking triatomine bugs ('kissing bugs').
Verifying the protozoan pathogen classification and insect vector.

Key Concept

Pathogen classification (viral vs. bacterial vs. protozoan) and vector biology of human infectious diseases
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Topics

Human Physiology, Health, and Diseases

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