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Difficulty: MediumRise of Indian Nationalism and Early Phase of the Indian National Congress

Which of the following statements regarding the administrative and economic demands raised by early leaders of the Indian National Congress during its Moderate phase (1885–1905) are correct?

  1. Separation of the executive and judicial functions of administration to ensure civil libertiesAnswer
  2. B
    Immediate demand for complete independence (Purna Swaraj) and total severance of constitutional ties with the British Crown
  3. Reduction in imperial military expenditure and greater allocation of public funds towards technical education and agricultureAnswer
  4. D
    Total abolition of the Indian Civil Services recruitment examinations

Answer

The correct demands articulated during the Moderate phase are the separation of the executive and judicial functions and the reduction of imperial military expenditure in favor of technical education.
During the early phase of the Indian National Congress (1885–1905), Moderate leaders focused on constitutional and administrative reforms. Key demands included separating judicial functions from executive authority to prevent administrative abuse and reducing excessive military expenditures so that public revenue could be reallocated toward technical education, industrial development, and agricultural relief.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze administrative reform demands of the early Moderate phase (1885–1905).
The demand for separating executive powers from judicial authority was a key administrative plank to protect citizens from magisterial abuse.
District magistrates held both executive and judicial authority, leading to compromised judicial impartiality.
2
Analyze fiscal and economic priorities advocated by early INC leaders.
Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and G.K. Gokhale strongly criticized excessive military budgets and pushed for funds to be allocated to technical education and development.
Colonial military spending drained Indian revenue to fund imperial expansion overseas.
3
Evaluate statements regarding political goals and civil service reforms.
Demands focused on Indianization of services via simultaneous ICS exams (not abolition) and constitutional self-governance within the empire (not immediate Purna Swaraj).
Complete independence was declared as a goal at the 1929 Lahore session, whereas early Moderates worked within constitutional frameworks.

Key Concept

Administrative and Economic Demands of Early INC Moderates
Estimated Time:1m 15s
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Rise of Indian Nationalism and Early Phase of the Indian National Congress

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