Question

Difficulty: MediumObstetric Complications

A 33-year-old gravida 2, para 1 at 39 weeks of gestation is admitted to the labor suite for a trial of labor. Her obstetric history is significant for a previous low transverse cesarean delivery performed due to breech presentation. She is currently in the active phase of labor, with the cervix dilated to 6 cm and the fetal presenting part at 0 station. Her contractions are strong and occur every 3 minutes. The baseline fetal heart rate is 140/min with moderate variability and no decelerations. Thirty minutes later, the patient suddenly reports an excruciating, tearing pain in her lower abdomen that does not resolve between contractions. Her blood pressure decreases to 88/54 mmHg, and her heart rate increases to 122/min. The electronic fetal monitor reveals a sudden, prolonged deceleration to 70/min that has lasted for over 4 minutes. A repeat pelvic examination demonstrates a cervical dilation of 6 cm, but the fetal presenting part is now palpable at -3 station. Moderate dark red vaginal bleeding is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate next step in management?

  1. Immediate laparotomy and cesarean deliveryAnswer
  2. B
    Subcutaneous terbutaline injection
  3. C
    Commence transcervical amnioinfusion
  4. D
    Vacuum-assisted vaginal extraction
  5. E
    Maternal left lateral decubitus positioning and oxygen inhalation

Answer

Immediate laparotomy and cesarean delivery
The clinical picture of sudden tearing abdominal pain, maternal hypotension and tachycardia, a prolonged fetal heart rate deceleration, and specifically the loss of fetal station in a patient with a prior cesarean delivery is highly pathognomonic for uterine rupture. In this catastrophic event, the fetus can extrude into the maternal abdomen, leading to profound fetal asphyxia and maternal exsanguination. The only appropriate intervention is immediate surgical exploration via laparotomy to deliver the fetus and achieve hemostasis (via uterine repair or hysterectomy).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the clinical presentation and maternal history.
The patient has a history of a prior cesarean delivery and presents with sudden tearing abdominal pain and maternal hemodynamic instability (hypotension, tachycardia).
Prior uterine scars significantly increase the risk of uterine rupture during a subsequent trial of labor.
2
Identify the pathognomonic physical examination findings.
The fetal presenting part has regressed from 0 station to -3 station, and the fetal heart rate shows a severe, prolonged deceleration.
Loss of fetal station indicates that the fetus has extruded through a myometrial defect into the maternal abdominal cavity.
3
Determine the definitive next step in management.
Emergency surgical exploration is selected.
Uterine rupture is a life-threatening emergency; immediate laparotomy is required to deliver the fetus and control maternal hemorrhage.

Key Concept

Diagnosis and management of uterine rupture
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